PULSE CODE MODULATION

C. Hmingthansanga
Roll No : ECE/16/15

Under the guidance of Dr. Reshmi Maity

 DEFINITIONS
• It is a digital modulation technique where the
signal is pulse code modulated to convert its
analog information into a binary sequence.

Fig 1: Example of PCM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2 : Block diagram of PCM

 COMPONENTS OF PCM
• Low Pass Filter
• Sampler (Sample and Hold Circuit)
• Quantizer
• Encoder
• Regenerative Repeater
• Decoder
• Reconstruction Filter (LPF)
 CONTD..
• LPF:
Eliminates high frequency components
present in the analog signal which is greater than
the highest frequency of the message signal to
avoid aliasing of the message signal.
The signal is analog and continuous.
• Sampler :
It selects the data points we use to create
the digital data. The sampling rate must be
greater than twice frequency component W Hz
(Sampling Theorem).

Fig 3 :
Sampling
process
• Quantizer :

Discretizing the signal in the amplitude

domain. It is the process of reducing the excessive
bits and confining the data.
It performs approximation of analog signal
by quantizing at a finite number of discrete levels
Fig 4 : Mid rise quantization
Fig 5 : Mid Tread Quantization
• Encoder :
It performs digitization. Voltage are
converted into bits.

Fig 6 : Encoding process

• Regenerative Repeater :
It is the cleaner of the digital signal i.e the
encoded signal

Fig 7 : Regenerative Repeater

• Decoder :
It decodes the pulse coded waveform to
reproduce the original signal

• Reconstruction Filter :
After digital-to-analog conversion is done,
LPF is employed to get back the original signal
 WHAT MEDIUM TO CHOOSE?
• Bandwidth of PCM signal is :
BW = R/2
where R= rate of transmission

It can be defined as the difference of the

minimum and maximum frequencies that can
pass through it indistorted (minimum)
 SHANNON’s THEORY
• When noise is present, Shannon’s Informatiom
Capacity Theorem is given by :
C = Blog [1 + S/N] b/sec
where C= rate of transmission
maximum possible in the
presence of noise
B = Bandwidth allocated
S = Signal Power
N = Noise Power
 ADVANTAGES
• The PCM (pulse code modulation) convenient
for long distance communication.
• It has a higher transmitter efficiency.
• It has a higher noise immunity
 DISADVANTAGES
• The PCM (pulse code modulation) requires
large bandwidth as compared to analog
system.
• Encoding, decoding and quantizing circuit of
PCM is very complex.
 APPLICATIONS
• The PCM is used in the satellite transmission
system.
• It is used in space communication.
• It is used in digital telephony.
 REFERENCE
• B.P.Lathi, Modern Digital &Analog Comm.
System
• Simon Haykin, Communication System
THANK YOU