UNIT TWO

READING AND WRITING STRATEGIES

FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL
TEXTS
 Core Understanding
1. One way of understanding a text is through drawing from
linguistic cues, text structure and content.
2. Plagiarism can come in different forms – concepts and language.
3. Plagiarism can be attributed to views of authorship, transfer of
training and resistance to dominant forces.
4. Plagiarism can be addressed by using citations and appropriate
note-taking techniques.
5. In writing academic papers, it is necessary that planning be done
through effective outlining and thesis statement formulation.
6. Writing academic papers also require effective presentation skills
so information can be disseminated/utilized for progress.
Essential Questions
1. In what ways can I draw meaning from an
academic text?
2. In what ways does plagiarism manifest?
3. How can plagiarism be addressed?
4. How can an essay and presentations be
planned?
MAKING YOUR OWN
ASSIGNMENT

COPYING FROM
WIKIPEDIA

EDITING SOMEONE’S
ASSIGNMENT

JUST CHANGING THE

NAME OF SOMEONE’S
ASSIGNMENT
LESSON ONE

AVOIDING
PLAGIARISM AND
EFFECTIVE NOTE-
TAKING
Starter
• Think of a song that have similarities in
rhythm and beat. List these down and
identify the ways these are similarly or
different. Share your findings in class.
Guide Questions:
1. In what ways are the songs similar or different? Could
you cite specific lines or patterns of beat and rhythm
that may be the same?
2. What could be the possible reasons why there are
songs that sound the same?
3. If you wrote a song and someone else created one that
sounds alike, how would you feel?
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
Plagiarism
- a serious form of academic dishonesty and is
frowned upon in the academe.

- defined as the verbatim copying of language

of other writers as well as taking credit for
ideas espoused by others.
• Therefore, as academic writers, greater
responsibility is needed in accounting for the
ideas as well as language used by authors in the
sources you have used in your paper. Similar to
using someone’s belonging or going to a place,
you will need to respect the rights of the
owners by making sure that proper attribution
is made. In sum, great care should be observed
in writing a text especially when you are using
sources from other authors.
•This can be done by using note
taking strategies which are
techniques in rephrasing materials
you have used for your work. Also
citations can be done to properly
acknowledge the owner of the
work you have used.
There are two types of plagiarism:

IDEAS
LANGUAGE
PLAGIARISM OF
IDEAS
PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS
•occurs when credit for a work is taken by an
author not made by him or her.

•For instance, if one writes a paper about the

theory of relativity in Physics and no mention
of Einstein is given and the writer explicitly
or implicitly claims that this theory is his or
hers, plagiarism of ideas has been
committed.
•In order to address this, proper
citations should be done to
properly acknowledge the work of
author/s.
Citations can be done in different
ways.

•AUTHOR ORIENTED
•TEXT ORIENTED
Author-oriented citation
•In doing an author oriented citation, you
start by writing the surname of the author,
followed by the year of publication of the
work enclosed in parentheses and verb of
statement (such as states, argues, posits,
emphasizes) at the start of the paragraph
or sentence.
Example:
•Pulido (2012) believes that language
in an online environment can be
understood if other modes online
communication are further analysed
to provide a full account of
interaction in virtual worlds.
Text oriented citation
•In doing a text oriented citation, you
write your paragraph and sentence taken
from a source and end with the surname
of the author of the work and year of
publication separated by a comma. The
citation must be enclosed in parentheses
and followed by a period.
Example:
•Unless educators realize the importance
or reading and writing across subject
areas, problems in comprehension of
subject matter will be a prominent issue
in the teaching learning process (Estacio,
2010).
Other ways of citations
You may also cite the author this way:

•You may start the sentence or paragraph

by using the phrase According to… and
then write the surname of the author
followed by the year of publication
enclosed in parentheses.
Example:
•According to Mendoza (1990), by the
end of the century, our fuel reserves will
be reduced to half, and scarcity of energy
supplies will be a big problem.
Enrichment
•Search for articles online or print
newspapers and copy 2 to 3
sentences. Employ the different
citation techniques mentioned.
PLAGIARISM OF
LANGUAGE
PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE
•happens when an author uses the
language of another writer and
claims it as his or her own. There are
several types of plagiarism of
language:
Consider the following examples:
• The two types of surrogacy currently known to date are
traditional and gestational surrogacy. For the traditional method, the
surrogate mother is artificially inseminated either by an intended
father or an anonymous sperm donor, as the surrogate mother will
have planned to bear her own child. Hence, the child is related to
both the surrogate mother, and the intended father or anonymous
sperm donor. People who usually do this would want to raise a child
without a sexual intimacy from the opposite sex. In the gestational
method however, an egg is removed from the hopeful mother, to be
fertilized by the sperm of the intended father. The fertilized egg is
then implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother, who will
carry the child to term. In contrast with the tradition method, the
child is not related to the surrogate mother but only to the intended
father or the anonymous sperm donor and the mother who
possessed the egg.
• A writer may commit word-for-word
plagiarism when the author simply cites
the author but copies the whole text
verbatim:
• Tuazon (2012) states that the two types of surrogacy currently
known to date are traditional and gestational surrogacy. For the
traditional method, the surrogate mother is artificially inseminated
either by an intended father or an anonymous sperm donor, as the
surrogate mother will have planned to bear her own child. Hence, the
child is related to both the surrogate mother, and the intended father
or anonymous sperm donor. People who usually do this would want
to raise a child without a sexual intimacy from the opposite sex. In the
gestational method however, an egg is removed from the hopeful
mother, to be fertilized by the sperm of the intended father. The
fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus of the surrogate
mother, who will carry the child to term. In contrast with the tradition
method, the child is not related to the surrogate mother but only to
the intended father or the anonymous sperm donor and the mother
who possessed the egg.
• A writer may commit patchwork
plagiarism, where ideas from the source
are mixed with interpretations of the
writer, creating patches of text, which
make ownership of ideas very unclear.
• Tuazon (2012) states that the traditional and
gestational are two method of surrogacy. For the traditional
method, the surrogate mother is artificially inseminated
either by an intended father or someone who the mother
does not know but willing to father the child. Hence, the
child is related to both the surrogate mother and the
intended father or the anonymous sperm donor. The reason
for this is that sexual intimacy is not the objective but the
procreation. On the other hand, gestational surrogacy occurs
when an egg is taken out of the woman’s system and is
fertilized and implanted in the womb of another woman. As
opposed the traditional method, the child is not related to
the surrogate mother, but only to the intended father or the
anonymous sperm donor and the mother who possessed the
egg.
• In order to address plagiarism of language,
effective note-taking techniques should
be used.
• As mentioned earlier, citations are used to
attribute ownership of ideas to authors.
Note taking techniques on the other hand
allow you to rephrase original text into
something novel.
There are three types of note-taking
techniques:

•DIRECT QUOTATIONS
•SUMMARIZING
•PARAPHRASING
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
•are employed for statements that
are so closely associated with the
author that altering the words may
lose its rhetorical impact.
Example
•“The Filipino is worth dying for.” –
Ninoy Aquino
•too short to be summarized, and the
rhetorical impact of the work may be
lessened if the statement is
paraphrased.
Below are some points to consider in
employing direct quotations:
• 1. direct quotations is lifting particular stretches
of text and enclosing them in quotation marks.
In addition to citations, include the page
numbers.

• Example:
• “Globalization is just a covert term for
colonization” (Reyes, 1994,p.2).
• 2. If certain stretches of text is too long, you may omit
certain parts of it and replace them with an ellipsis. In
addition, if the words omitted are at the end of the
statement, make sure to add another period making
it four periods.
•
• Example:
• “Smartphones may lead to different problems such as
…which may be addressed through other physical
activities” (De Claro,2010,p.7).
3. Interpolation may be done to insert notes within the
directly quoted passage to help readers understand the
context of the statement. Interpolation is marked by open
and closed brackets.

Example:
“De quiros, Zabala, Uy, and Lee believe that the education sector
should address the material conditions of schools to improve
teaching and learning” (Danao, 2011,p.7).

“[Educators] believe that the education sector should address the

material conditions of schools to improve teaching and learning”
(Danao, 2011,p.7).
• 4. Direct quotations cannot be employed
throughout your work as you would not be
able to develop your own identity as an
author. As a rule of thumb, 20% of the total
length of the work may employ this note-
taking technique.
Enrichment
• On your reflective journal, answer the following
questions. Why do you think quotations are
powerful forms of expression? Could you think
of experiences beyond classroom where
quotations are useful?
SUMMARIZING
Summarizing
•Is a short restatement of the main idea
of a text. Ideally, it is a third of the
original text you have used for your
paper.
In developing your summary, the following tips may be
helpful.

1. Make sure to read the text

thoroughly and highlight the
important details in the text. Bear in
mind that certain details have
relationships (cause and effect for
example) and these need to be
noted as well.
In developing your summary, the following tips may
be helpful.

2. After getting the main idea/s, use your

own words in crafting your summary.
Make sure to check if the relationship
between and among ideas are observed.
In developing your summary, the following tips may
be helpful.

3. When done with your summary,

recheck your output with the original to
see if your output does not stray away
from the original text. You may also seek
your teacher or peer’s feedback to be
sure.
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing
• is a restatement in your own word of the main idea
and supporting details of a text

• may match the length of the original work you are

using for your output.

• Though paraphrasing may be considered more

challenging than summarizing, paraphrasing allows
very little opportunities for misinterpretation on
the part of the reader as you account for both
major and minor points.
Consider the following tips in
crafting your paraphrase.

1. Read the text thoroughly noting both

main ideas and supporting details. If
confronted with longer text, you may
outline these ideas to be able to distinguish
and the major points from minor ones.
2. After identifying these, carefully state
the major and minor points in your own
words making sure that the relationships
between and among these ideas are
observed.
3. Finally, when the paraphrase is done,
compare your work with the original to
make sure that the original intentions of
the author are not changed.
There are also several ways in
paraphrasing:
1. Literal paraphrasing – This type only
replaces vocabulary terms from the
original text.
2. Structural paraphrasing - This type
changes the sentence structure as well as
the word class of key words of the original
text.
3. Alternative paraphrasing
– In this type, the writer first poses questions
about the text such as what is the text
about? How is the main idea supported?
What is the stand of the author about the
topic? Then, the writer proceeds with
answering these questions after reading the
text using his/her own words making sure
that all ideas are still connected leading to
novel use of language.
 Consider the following example:
Original Text
Mobile and computer technology may also
affect children's sociability. The use of this
technology may take away hours from
children's soscial and playing time. Yet from
another perspective, it can cultivate their
communicative and social skills through using
different social media platforms and sharing
apps with friends (Subia and Tatel, 2014).
Summary
• Subia and Tatel (2014) • Subia and Tatel (2014) points out
views technology as
something that may
affect the social lives of
children in a negative and
positive way.
Paraphrase
that though technology may
have a negative impact in
children's ability to socialize
since it minimizes chances of real
life interactions with others, they
believe that through interactive
features of technology such as
sharing apps and varying
platforms for exchange,
technology can enhance social
skills among its young users.