Homeostasis

A condition in which the internal

environment of the body remains
relatively constant despite changes in the
external environment.
 Homeostasis is achieved through negative or
positive feedback mechanism.

 Negative feedback: Includes most homeostatic

control mechanisms. Shuts of the original
stimulus, or reduces its intensity. Works like a
household thermostat.

 Examples include control of blood pressure and

temperature regulation.
 Positive feedback: Increases the original stimulus
to push the variable farther e.g. in blood clothing
and during the birth of a baby.

 Homeostatic mechanism are designed to

reestablish homeostasis when there is an
imbalance.
 There are three components to a homeostatic system
1. The Sensor which detects the stress.
2. The control center which receives information from the sensor
and sends a message to adjust the stress.
3. The effector which receives the message from the control center
and produces the response which reestablishes homeostasis.
It should be noticed that:
1. The heat produce by the furnace shuts the furnace down through
the thermostat.
2. The original stress is reduced the room warms up.

Homeostatic mechanism that show this to characteristics are

operating by negative feedback.
EXCRETION
 Excretion

Is a process by which metabolic waste is

eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates
this is primarily carried out by the lungs,
kidneys and skin. This is in contrast with
secretion, where the substance may have
specific tasks after leaving the cell.
 Sites of excretion

Renal:
Kidney
Others:
GIT
Lungs
Saliva
Sweat
Milk