Research

Designs
Research Designs

Refers to the overall plan and scheme for

conducting the study
SAMPLING-this is the process of selecting and getting the respondents
of the study with the minimum cost such that resulting observation
will be representative of the entire population.

INSTRUMENTS- are the data gathering devices that will be used in the
study. It is a testing device for measuring a given phenomenon, such
as paper and pencil test, questionnaires, interviews, research tools or
set of guidelines for observation.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS- technique used for analyzing the data
gathered.
 Descriptive Research Designs

The purpose of this design is to describe the status identified variable

such as events, people or subjects as they exist. This research design
usually makes some types of comparison contrasts and correlation and
sometimes carefully planned and orchestrated descriptive researches,
cause-effect relationship may be established to some extent
 Example of Descriptive Research
Designs
Descriptive Normative Surveys-Describe trends in a large population
of individuals.It establish norms or standards based on a wide class
of survey data.
EXAMPLE: IF you want to make a research on knowing the profile of
all principal of public and private schools in the Philippines you may
include in your instruments variables like age, sex, educational
attainment,IQ, language spoken, civil status, averahe family size, and
others.
Correlational Research Studies-If you intend to estimate the extent to
which different variables are related to one another in the
population of interest.
EXAMPLE: IF it is desired to determine the extent of the relationship
between managerial effectiveness and the variable age, educational
attainment, and mental ability, then you can start by using
correlational technique among the principals of the public and private
schools in the Philippines.
Descriptive Evaluative Studies-This is to judge the goodness of a
criterion measure.
EXAMPLE: If one were to study the changes in the IQ levels of children
9-10 years over a five-period, the researcher must see to it that the
same group of children is tested for IQ over the five-year period.
Assessment/evaluative studies
-attempt to determine the effectiveness or efficiency of
certain practices or policies when applied to a group of
respondents.
Example: one can make study on the Relative Effectiveness
of the k-12 program say six years from today on the basis
of such factors as cost, efficiency and impact on quality.
Descriptive comparative studies
Establish significant differences between two or more
groups of subjects on the basis of criterion measure.
EXAMPLE: It may be desired to compare the managerial
effectiveness of three groups of managers A,B,C .A study
may employ a descriptive design which combines two or
more designs.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGNS
Known as a longitudinal or repeated-measure studies, for
obvious reasons. They are also referred to as interventions,
because you do more than just observe the subjects.This
uses scientific method. Establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables that make up a
study
 Factors affecting the
Experimental Plan
1. History
2. Maturation
3. Testing
4. Mortality
5. Interaction effects
6. Measuring Intruments
7. Statistical regression
8. Differential Selection
9. John Henry Effect
 Historical research designs

The purpose of historical research design is to collect, verify and

synthesize evidence from the past to establish facts that defend or
refute your hypothesis.
Major Processes of Historical Research

1.Data Collection
Historian collects data from the past through relics, fossils or documents found in
activities or through personal interview. Old newspaper clippings, memoirs, diaries are rich source
of historical data.
2. Analysis of data
The historian brings together the data collected to the state of knowledge about the past
event use simple to complex statistical tools for analysis.
3. Report of findings