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 Unit II
Elements of a Computer
System
LESSON 8
Computer
DATA
---Are facts that computer uses to process
and generate results that use in decision
making.
Where,
Computer converts data from
human readable format to its
own language - machine
language - before its uses them
processing.
: Computer converts data into BINARY
NUMBER SYSTEM, the language of the
computer before it can be used for
processing.
THE NUM BER SYSTEM :
1. Decimal Number System
-- is the number system that we
use in expressing numerical
values. It is a Base 10 Number
System, where numbers
expressed in scale of tens.
2. Binary Number System :
-- is a Base 2 numbering system which
has two values : 0 and 1
-- is considered as the “Language of
Computer “
bit (binary digit)
-- is the basic unit used by computer in
storing data.
byte
-- A group of “bits”.
-- Consisting of six to eight bits that
represents data
Data- a letter, number or special character.
Thus,
Kb : Kilobyte = 1,024 bytes

Mb : Megabyte = 1 million bytes

Gb : Gigabyte = 1 billion bytes

Facts :
“the binary number system may not be very
convenient to us user but it is very much suited to
computers. When performing calculations
involving decimals, the computer undergoes the
following steps:
1. The inputted decimal numbers are
converted into their equivalent binary
digits or bits.

2. The required arithmetic operations

are performed in binary format to arrive
at the desired results. And

3. The binary results are concerted into

decimal numbers for output.
 Converting Decimal to Binary
Methods:

-The decimal number is divided

3. continuously by 2, andor
The MAIN STORAGE the remainders
MEMORY
of this process form the equivalent
binary numbers. The remainders are
arranged from the bottom going up to
form the binary digits.
Examples :

Let us convert your age, 13, to binary digit.

13/2 = 6 remainder 1
6/2 = 3 remainder 0
3/2 = 1 remainder 1
1/2 = 0 remainder 1

thus, Binary number for 13 is : 1101

Converting Binary to Decimal

-- Starting from the leftmost digit of

the binary number, multiply all the
digits by 2, each time adding the
product to the next digit. This is
done up to the rightmost digit. The
decimal equivalent of the binary
number is the sum of the last
addition performed.
Example :
To convert the binary number 1101
back to its decimal form, the following
method is performed :

1 X 2 = 2
2 + 1 X 2 = 6
6 + 0 X 2 = 12
12 + 1 = 13
Data Hierarchy in Computerized System

1. Character
-- a single letter, number or a special
symbol (such as “?”, - , $ ) that is
entered in the computer system.
2. Field

-- is a group of related characters

treated as a single meaningful data
element.
Example :
EMPLOYEE NO. 1234
NAME Juan dela Cruz
ADDRESS 29 Alpha St, Dvo City
TEL NO. 928-16-52
CIVILSTATUS Single
SALARY 10,000

3. Record
-- a a record is a collection of related
fields treated as a single unit.
4. File

-- a group of related records.

5. Data Base
-- the highest level in the computer
data hierarchy.
Database

File

Record

Field

Character

Hierarchy of Computer Data

 Coding Scheme

1. EBCDIC ( Extended Binary Coded

Decimal Interchange Code )
– is a coding scheme that uses eight bits to
represent a character.
2. ASCII ( American Standard Code for
Information Interchange )
– is a coding scheme that uses seven bits
to represent a character.