 According to Demirezen (1988:135) background of behaviorism

growth is basically, behaviorist theory is psychology theory that was

founded by J.B. Watson as a reaction to traditional grammar.
 This theory was supported by Leonard Bloomfield, O.N, Mowrer, B.F
Skinner and A.W Staats.
 Major principle of behaviorist theory: is the analysis of human
behavior in observable stimulus-response interaction as the
association between them.
Thorndike was the first behaviorist who explored the learning
area in order to form association on particular process of
behavior and the consequence itself.

There were kinds of behaviorism that the behaviorist theory of

stimulus response learning was developed in operant
conditioning from Skinner.

On the other hand, other behaviorist was assumed by Pavlov,

that stimulus and response work together.
is the earliest language learning theory which is
propounded by J.B. Watson (1878-1957) in 1913.
This theory is supported and believed by some behaviorists
who are Skinner, Pavlov and Thordike; also profoundly
developed the theory of behaviorism on learning.

focuses on observable behaviors which are changed as

the symptoms of learning.

According to Brown (1987:17), behavioristic approach

focuses on the immediately perceptible aspects of
linguistic behavior- the publicly observable responses.
 Learning only occurs when there are changes in behavior and
observable as an evidence of changing.
Example: feeling and mental processes are not accepted in Skinner's
human behavior's theory, however he still accepted the existence of mind.

 Behaviorists consider learning a language, as a set of mechanical habits

which are formed through the process of imitation and repetition.
 Learning a second language (L2) should be learnt through
extensive drill and practice.
 Lie outside rather than within the individual.

 The dualistic portrayal of mankind which distinguishes

between mental processes and observable behavior is
scientifically unproductive.

The scientific study of mankind should be restricted as

much as possible to directly observable quantities.
Explanations of human behavior are simple in principle, as
behavior arose out the elementary learning processes, but
in practice however, behavior is quite complex.

 Man is generally a shallow and imprecise observer of both

his own and other's behavior.

Attempt to influence behavior, must be preceded by a

thorough behavioral analysis.
• Behaviorism is primarily associated with Pavlov (classical
conditioning) in Russia and J.B. Watson; while B.F. Skinner in United
States (Operant conditioning)

1. Acquisition is the initial stage of learning when a response is to be

strengthened.
2. Extinction is when the occurences of a conditioned response
decrease or disappear.
3. Spontaneous Recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned
response after a rest period.

4. Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus

to appear similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

5. Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned

stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an
unconditioned stimulus.
• 1. Behaviorist theory dwells on spoken language; learning a
language is primarily what is spoken and secondarily what is written.

• 2. Is the habit formation theory of language teaching and learning.

• 3. The Stimulus-response chain, S-Response emphasizes conditioning

and building from the simplest conditioned responses to more and
more complex behaviors.
• 4. All learning is the establishment of habits as the result of
reinforcement and reward.

• 5. The learning, due to its socially-conditioned nature, can

be the same for each individual.
 BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
1. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)- interference was the main source of
errors in the process of second language acquisition. (Stimulus and-response
model) regarded instances of interference between L1 & L2 as a result of
linguistic habits that were transferred from the mother tongue to the language
to be learnt.

2. Creative Contrastive Hypothesis (CCH)- native language of a learner does

not have much influence on the acquisition of another language.

3. Interlanguage Hypothesis (ILH)- notably formulated by Larry Selinker in 1972

and included interference as a possible source of error. It explained that
learners access a particular linguistic system when they try to acquire another
language. This systematic set of rules is called interlanguage and differs from
both the native and the target language.
 BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISTION
1. - function as a structural approach
designed to develop oral communication fluency in L2.

2. - linguistic knowledge is an abstract nature no solely on

the set of mechanical habits (Imitation and Repetition).

3. - consists of five hypotheses such as The Input

Hypothesis, The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis,The Monitor
Hypothesis, The Natural Order Hypothesis and The Affective Filter
Hypothesis.
 BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISTION
4. INTERACTIONISM- language develops as a result when
interaction occurs between children and other speakers.

5.Comprehension Output- four ways in which output might play

a role in the process of second language learning (reading,
listening, writing and speaking) as proposed by (Swain, 1985) that
Listening and Reading could be the comprehensible inputs
different from speaking and writing.
1.Input
Hypothesis- claimed that language acquisition takes place
through comprehension input.

2. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis- explained that adults have two

distinct and independent ways to develop knowledge of a second
language- learning and acquisition.

3. Monitor Hypothesis-acquired knowledge is responsible for fluency

and intuitive judgments about correctness.

4.Affective Filter Hypothesis- this hypothesis is connected to the

motivation factor