OBJECTIVES

1. Establish the variation of pressure

in a fluid at rest.
2. Learn to use manometers to
measure pressure.
3. Understand the different types of
pressure.
p = Force, F
Area, A
ABSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESURES
Gage Pressure (Relative Pressure)
Gage pressures are pressure above or below, the atmosphere and can
be measured by pressure gauges or manometers.

Atmospheric Pressure & Vacuum

Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure at any point on the earth’s surface
from the weight of the air above it. A vacuum is a space that has all
matter removed from it.

Absolute Pressure
Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero (vacuum)

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

All pressure units in kPa
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE

W=γV
W = γ (ɑL)

[ ∑Fx = 0 ]
F₂-F₁ = W sin θ
P₂ɑ - P₁ɑ = γ (ɑL) sin θ
P₂ - P₁ = γ L sin θ
Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids

Pbottom = γ h + P = γ₁h ₁ + γ₂h ₂ + γ₃h₃ + PA

PRESSURE HEAD
Pressure head is the height ‘’h’’ of a column of
homogeneous liquid of unit weight γ that will produce
an intensity of pressure p.

h= P
γ
Sample Problems
Solution:
p = γh
p = (9.81 x 1.03) (12.5)
p = 126.3kPa
Solution:
p2 – p1 = γh
103 – 90 = γ(2)
γ = 6.5kN/m3
Solution:

pbot – ptop = γh
(γmhm)bottom - (γmhm)top = (γh)air
(9,810x13.6)(0.654) – (9,810x13.6)(0.480) = 12h
h = 1,934.53m
Solution:
Since points 1 & 2 lie on the same elevation,
then;
p1 = p2
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2
10 / (π/4)(0.0752) = F2 / (π/4)(0.0252)
F2 = 1.11kN
[Σ Mu = 0]
F(0.425) = F2(0.025)
F(0.425) = 1.11(0.025)
F = 65.3 N
Solution:
Summing-up pressure head
from A to B in meters of water:

PA/y+3(0.8)+1.5-y(13.6)=PB/y
5/9.81+3.9–13.6y=PB/y
where PB = 0

y = 0.324m
Solution:

Sum-up pressure head from A to B in meters of water.

(PA/y) – y(0.9) – 0.1(13.6) + 0.1(0.9) + y(0.9) = PB/y
(PA/y) – (PB/y) = 0.1(13.6) – 0.1(0.9)
(PA – PB)/ 9.81 = 1.27m
PA – PB = 12.46kPa