CS 704

Advanced Computer
Architecture

Lecture 1
VU-Advanced Computer
Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 1
Advanced Computer
Architecture

Introduction
Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Chughtai
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 2
Advanced Computer
Architecture

Prerequisites
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 3
Computer System

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 4
 Computer
Architecture
Verses
Organization
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 5
 Academic History
1944
Stored program
concept
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 6
 Academic History
1945 ENIAC
the World’s First
operational
calculator
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 7
 Academic History

1946 ISA machine

10 times faster
than ENIAC
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 8
 Commercial History

1949 – 51
UNIVAC-I
$1 Million
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 9
 Commercial History … Cont’d

1952 - 63
IBM-701
CDC 6600
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Architecture PDP-8
Lecture 1-Introduction 10
 Microprocessors
1971 - 2006

Mainframe Work-
Server PC
station

Supercomputer Mini-
supercomputer

Massively Parallel
Processors
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 11
 Course Focus

Quantitative principle
of computer design
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 12
 Course Focus

Instruction set
Architectures
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 13
 Course Focus

Datapath and
control
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 14
 Course Focus
Memory Hierarchy Design
Main memory
Cache
Hard drives

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 15
 Course Focus

Multiprocessor
Architectures
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 16
 Course Focus

Storage and I/O

Systems
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 17
 Course Focus

Computer
Clusters
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 18
 Text Book
Computer Architecture: A
quantitative approach

Hennessy J. L and Petterson D. A,

3rd Ed. 2003, 4th Ed. 2006
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 19
 References
Computer Organization
and Design:
The hardware/software interface

Hennessy and Petterson

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 20
 References
Computer Organization and
Architecture

Stalling W.
6 th Edition Prentice Hall, 2003
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 21
 References
Research papers on
Computer Design and
Architecture

IEEE and ACM conferences,

transactions and journals
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 22
 Topic Coverage
Fundamentals of Computer Design Ch. 1
Instruction Set Principles Ch. 2
Computer H/W Design (Review) (Lec. Notes/ App. A)

Inst. Level Parallelism (Dynamic Approach) Ch. 3

Inst. Level Parallelism (Software approach) Ch. 4
Memory Hierarchy Design Ch. 5
I/O and Storage System Ch. 7
Interconnection Networks Ch. 8 and Ch.6
and multiprocessors

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 23
 Course Style

Research in the
small
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 24
Four Perspective of Computer Architecture

Input/Output
and Storage
Multiprocessor
and
Network
Memory Interconnection
Hierarchy

Processor
Design
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 25
Processor Design: Computer Architecture Perspective .. Cont’d

Input/Output
and Storage Multiprocessor
and Network
Interconnection
Memory
Hierarchy

L1 Cache Cache design, block

size and associativity
Processor
VLSI
Design
Instruction Set Addressing modes
and Protection
Architecture
Pipelining, Instruction Level Parallelism, Hazard Resolution,
Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation, Vector, DSP
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 26
 Memory Hierarchy: Computer Architecture Perspective ..Cont’d

Input/Output Multiprocessor
and Storage and Network
Interconnection

Virtual Memory

Emerging Technologies
DRAM Interleaving
Bus protocols
Memory
Hierarchy Coherence,
L2 Cache Bandwidth,
Latency

L1 Cache
Processor
Design Instruction Set Arch.

Pipelining, ILP etc.

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 27
 I/O and Storage: Computer Architecture Perspective

Multiprocessor
Disks and Tape and Network
Interconnection
Input/Output RAID
and Storage

DRAM
Memory
Hierarchy L2 Cache

L1 Cache
Processor
Design Instruction Set Arch.
Pipelining, ILP etc.
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 28
 Multiprocessor and Networks: Computer Architecture Perspective

Disks, WORM, Tape

Multiprocessor and Network
Input/Output RAID Interconnection
and Storage
Shared memory

DRAM P M ….. P P P
Memory
Hierarchy L2 Cache Interconnecting network
Network switches

Routing, bandwidth, latency

L1 Cache
Processor
Design Instruction Set Arch.
Pipelining, ILP etc.
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 29
 Computer Design Cycle

Performance
Technology
and Cost

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 30
 Computer Design Cycle

Evaluate Existing
Systems for
Bottlenecks
Benchmarks

1 Performance
Technology and cost
The computer design is evaluated for
bottlenecks using certain benchmarks to
achieve the optimum performance..
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 31
Performance (Metric) ….Design cycle cont’d

Time/Latency: The wall clock or CPU

elapsed time.
Throughput: The number of results per
second.

Other measures such as MIPS, MFLOPS, clock

frequency (MHz), cache size do not make any
sense.
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 32
Performance (Measuring Tools) … Design Cycle Cont’d

Benchmarks:
Hardware: Cost, delay, area, power
consumption
Simulation (at levels - ISA, RT, Gate, Circuit)
Queuing Theory
Rules of Thumb
Fundamental “Laws”/Principles

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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 33
 Computer Design Cycle
1: Performance
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks
using Benchmarks

2: Technology
Workloads Simulate New Designs
and Organizations

The Technology Trends motivate new designs. These

designs are simulated to evaluate the performance for
different levels of workloads. Simulation helps in
keeping the result verification
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 34
Technology Trends: Computer Generations
Vacuum tube 1946-1957 1st Gen.
Transistor - 1958-1964 2nd Gen.
Small scale integration 1965-1968
– Up to 100 devices/chip
Medium scale integration 1969-1971 3rd Gen.
– 100-3,000 devices/chip
Large scale integration 1972-1977
– 3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip
Very large scale integration 1978 on.. 4th Gen.
– 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices/chip
Ultra large scale integration
– Over 100,000,000 devices/chip
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 35
Technology Trends: Processor Transistor density
100,000,000
Graduating Window
5.2 – 15 Million transistors in
10,000,000 PowerPC and Pentium Pro

I Pentium

Moor’s Law
1,000,000 I 80486

I 80386
Transistors

100,000 I 80286

I 8086
10,000

I 8080

I 4004

1,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 36
Technology Trends: Processor Performance

Performance of
1000 Microprocessor
is more than
Supercomputers supercomputer
100
Mainframes

10
Minicomputers

Microprocessors
1

0.1
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 37
 Computer Design Cycle

3: Cost 1: Performance
Implementation Complexity

The systems are implemented using the

latest technology to obtain cost effective,
high performance solution - the
implementation complexities are given due
consideration
Implement Next Generation System 2: Technology
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 38
 Price Verses Cost

The relationship between cost and price is

complex one
The cost is the total amount spends to produce a
product
The price is the amount for which a finished good is
sold.
The cost passes through different stages before it
becomes price.
A small change in cost may have a big impact on
price
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 39
 Thank You
and
Aslamu-a-Lacum
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Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 40