TST-02

Power System Analysis

Lecture 2: Power System Industry

Tri Wrahatnolo
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
State University of Surabaya
triwrahatnolo@unesa.ac.id
History, cont’d – 1990’s &
2000’s
• Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a
result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
• This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory”
access to the high voltage transmission
• Goal was to set up true competition in generation
• Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!)
• Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA
Electricity Prices, 1960-2010

Sources: EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2010, Figure 8.10; 2015, Fig 9
Utility Restructuring
• Driven by significant regional variations in electric
rates
• Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the
introduction of competition
• Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier
State Variation in Electric
Rates
The Goal: Customer Choice
The Result for California in
2000/1

OFF

OFF
 The California-Enron Effect
WA
MT ND VT ME
MN
OR NH
ID SD WI NY MA
WY MI RI

IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
IN OH DE
UT IL W MD
DC
CO VA VA
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
OK
NM AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html
The Rise of Natural Gas

Source: US EIA, 2011

August 14 , 2003 Blackout
th
My Favorite Blackout Hoax
Photo
Febriary 3th, 2019 Blackout
in Bali
Black Out Sistem Kelistrikan
DKI, Jawa Barat dan Banten
• Pemadaman listrik secara massal 8-18
jam yang terjadi pada Minggu
(4/8/2019) menjadi issue nasional
• Penyebab :
Sistem di SUTET Ungaran-Pemalang black out
menyebabkan aliran listrik di dua sirkuit
tersebut turun drastis, yang sering disebut
dengan istilah N minus 2, lalu memengaruhi
sirkuit Depok-Tasikmalaya, sehingga kejadian
ini disebut N minus 3. Artinya, terjadi gangguan
listrik pada 3 SUTET secara bersamaan. Inilah
yang menyebabkan pemadaman serentak
terjadi. Akhirnya sirkuitnya terlepas, dan
terpisah sistem listrik antara Barat dan Timur.
Inilah yang menyebabkan listrik di bagian Barat
mati sementara Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, dan
Bali menyala.
Dampak Black Out Sistem Kelistrikan
DKI, Jawa Barat dan Banten
• Sistem berbasis digital lumpuh seketika (moda transportasi
umum seperti ojek online, KRL, dan MRT lumpuh total
sejak listrik mati pukul 11.45 WIB sehingga penumpang pun
membludak di beberapa stasiun)
• Bisnisi terhambat (minimarket, UKM yang mengandalkan
listrik dan pembayaran digital, restoran, dan pedagang
menutup usahanya).
• Pom bensin, mesin Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM)
perbankan tak bisa beroperasi.
• kerugian bisnis lainnya yang mengandalkan pasokan listrik.
The Smart Grid
•The term “Smart Grid” dates officially to the 2007
“Energy Independence and Security Act”, Title 13 (“Smart
Grid”)
•Use of digital information and control techniques
•Dynamic grid optimization with cyber-security
•Deployment of distributed resources including
•Customer participation and smart appliances
• Integration of storage including PHEVs
•Development of interoperability standards
Smart Grid Perceptions (Some of Us Like the
Term “Smarter”)
Renewable Portfolio Standards (September
2012)

Source: http://www.dsireusa.org/
Power System Modeling and Time Frames
• Much of class covers power system models. An important quote to keep in
mind is
• “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. However, the
approximate nature of the model must always be borne in mind.” G.E.P.
Box, N.R. Draper, Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces, Wiley,
1987, p. 424.
• Power systems covers many different time frames, with essentially no models
valid for all of them

Image: Sauer, P.W., M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Stripes Publishing, 2007
Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of
constant frequency ac systems

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

1T 2 Vmax
� v(t ) dt =
T0 2
Phasor Representation
Euler's Identity: e jq = cosq + j sin q

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t ) = 2 V cos(w t + qV )
j (w t +qV ) �
v(t ) = 2 V Re �
e
� �
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)
Phasor Representation, cont’d

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:

V = V e jqV = V �qV
v(t ) = Re 2 Ve jw t e jqV
V = V cosqV + j V sin qV
I = I cosq I + j I sin q I

(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for complex numbers, or “bars on
the top”)
Advantages of Phasor Analysis
Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t ) = Ri(t ) V = RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t ) = L V = jw LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor � i (t ) dt + v(0) V = I
C0 jw C
Z = Impedance = R + jX = Z �f
R = Resistance
X = Reactance (Note: Z is a
X complex number but
Z = R2 + X 2 f =arctan( )
R not a phasor)
RL Circuit Example

V (t ) = 2 100cos(w t + 30)
f = 60Hz
R = 4 X = wL = 3
Z = 42 + 32 = 5 f = 36.9
V 10030
I = =
Z 536.9
= 20  6.9 Amps
i(t) = 20 2 cos(w t  6.9)
Complex Power

Power
p (t ) = v(t ) i (t )
v(t) = Vmax cos(w t + qV )
i (t) = I max cos(w t + q I )
1
cos cos  = [cos(   ) + cos( +  )]
2
1
p (t ) = Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I ) +
2
cos(2w t + qV + q I )]
Complex Power, cont’d
Average Power
1
p (t ) = Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I ) + cos(2wt + qV + q I )]
2
T
1
Pavg = �p (t )dt
T0
1
= Vmax I max cos(qV  q I )
2
= V I cos(qV  q I )

Power Factor Angle = f =qV  q I

Complex Power
S = V I [ cos(qV  q I ) + j sin(qV  q I ) ]
= P + jQ (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)

= V I*
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cosf
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
Complex Power, cont’d
Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P = S cos f

Q = S sin f = � S 1  pf 2

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are f (power factor angle), Q and S ?
f = -cos 1 0.85 = 31.8�
100kW
S = = 117.6 kVA
0.85
Q = 117.6sin(31.8�) = 62.0 kVar
Conservation of Power
• At every node (bus) in the system
• Sum of real power into node must equal zero
• Sum of reactive power into node must equal
zero
• This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s
current law, which states that the total current
into each node must equal zero.
• Conservation of power follows since S = VI*
Conversation of Power Example

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

V I * =а 100 30 20 6.9
S ==а�а 2000 36.9 VA
f = 36.9� pf = 0.8 lagging
VR I *��а
SR ==�� 4 20 6.9 20 6.9
2
PR = 1600W = I R (Q R = 0)
VL I *��а
SL ==�� 3 j 20 6.9 20 6.9
2
Q L = 1200 var = I X (PL = 0)