Population and

Sample
THE ADVENTURERS
Germano, Juvenal, Andryian, Jerrymil, Davied
 What are Population and Sample?

 Cambridge Dictionary (2018) defines

as:
“All the people or animals of a particular type or
group that live in one country, area, or town.”

 Elliston (2011) defines as

A “number of potential research subjects.”
(p. 17).
 What are Population and Sample?

 Creswell (2001) defines

 Population as “a group of individuals
who have the same characteristic.”
 Sample as “a subgroup of the target
population that the research plans to
study for generalizing about the target
population.”
(p. 142).
 What are Population and Sample?

 In Statistic defines
 Population means a “total set of
observations that can be made.”
 Sample “refers to a set of
observations drawn from a population”
Retrieved in August 21, 2018 from https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?
definition=population
 Why do we need sample?
“Often, it is necessary to use samples for research,
because it is impractical to study the whole
population. For example, suppose we wanted to know
the average height of 12-year-old American boys. We
could not measure all of the 12-year-old boys in
America, but we could measure a sample of boys.”

Retrieved in August 21, 2018 from https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?

definition=population
How to select a sample?
Simplified formula for proportions
Table for determine sample size from a given
population
 Types of sampling
 The sampling is determined by the kind of
problem or methodological research
(Quantitative research or Qualitative
research) which we choose to solve a
determined problem.
 On this way we can see in quantitative
research.
 Probability sampling
Types of Sampling
 1. Probability Sampling
In probability sampling “the researcher selects
individuals from the population who are
representative of that population.” (p. 142) -

Example:
 Simple random sampling,
 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling,
 Multistage cluster sampling.
 a. Simple random sampling
Procedure:
“The researcher selects participants (or
units, such as schools) for the sample so
that any individual has an equal probability
of being selected from the population.”

Example:
 Lottery Method
 a. Simple random sampling
“There are many ways to select a simple random
sample. One way would be the lottery method. Each
of the N population members is assigned a unique
number. The numbers are placed in a bowl and
thoroughly mixed. Then, a blind-folded researcher
selects n numbers. Population members having the
selected numbers are included in the sample.”
Retrieved in August 21, 2018 from https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?
definition=population
 b. Stratified sampling
Procedure:
“We create a list of every member of the
population. From the list, we randomly select
the first sample element from the first k
elements on the population list. Thereafter,
we select every element on the list.”
Retrieved in August 21, 2018 from https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?
definition=population
c. Multistage cluster sampling
“The researcher chooses a
sample in two or more stages
because either the researches
cannot easily identify the
population or the population is
extremely large.”
Creswell (2011, p. 145).
c. Multistage Cluster Sampling
Procedure:
“Using multistage cluster sampling, the
researcher randomly selects school
districts in the United States and obtains a
list of the at-risk students in each of those
school districts. Then the researcher
randomly samples within each district…
c. Multistage Cluster Sampling
Procedure:
…Breaking down the process like this
makes it easier to identify groups and
locate lists. However, with several stages
to this design, it is complex and highly
dependent on the characteristics of the
population.” (p. 145)
 2. Nonprobability Sampling
In nonprobability sampling “the researcher
selects individuals because they are available,
convenient, and represent some characteristic
the investigator seeks to study.” (p. 145)

Example:
 Convenience sampling
 Snowball sampling.
 How to select a sample?
 Quantitative Research
Probability Sampling
a) Simple Random Sampling
b) Stratified Sampling
c) Multistage Cluster Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Probability and Non-Probability Sampling