CONCEPTS OF CEOR

IMPLEMENTATION FROM LABORATORY TO FIELD

INDOSPEC ENERGY SOLUTION

for
PERTAMINA UTC

Jakarta, 20 October 2014

SURTEK
1. ABOUT INDOSPEC

SURTEK
1.1. General
Since 2004 Indonesia becoming Oil Importer country due to decline of Oil
production while Energy demand increase significantly as economic growth
consequences. Electric Energy generation as other vital energy still depend on
Oil & Gas supply cause energy shortage worsen. Indospec facing the
business opportunity for Oil production increase and decrease existing energy
consumption.

Oil field in Indonesia mostly in mature stage with average cumulative oil
recovery app. 30 – 35 % while the remaining oil of 65 – 70 % still in reservoir
& need CEOR implementation to increase oil production.

In Oil & Gas sector, Indospec focusing for tertiary recovery becoming CEOR
provider in co-operation with Surtek and Oil Chem Technologies while in
searching Polymer manufacturer to become strategic partner.

Indospec has business in renewable energy, Green energy, Energy

Management, and provider of many software application related to energy
efficiency.

SURTEK
1.2. Business Scope of Indospec

SURTEK
ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT

SURTEK
 GLOBAL FOOTPRINT

International Partners
Gold
Silver

SURTEK
PILOT PROJECT CASABLANCA MENSION

Non LED INDOSPEC LED

SURTEK
FLUID MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

SURTEK
FLUID MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

SURTEK
 INDOSPEC’s LED LAMP

Bulp Lamp Tube Lamp Flood Lamp

Street Lamp Panel/ceiling Lamp Indicator Lamp

SURTEK
SOLAR POWER GENERATION

Solar panel on the parking lot and housing roof

SURTEK
1.3. Indospec Group Partners
1. Surtek Inc, Colorado – USA
2. Oilchem, Texas - USA
3. Messina, Dallas – USA
4. Dexma, Europe
5. Motimo, China
6. Hanergy, China
7. Several University in Indonesia

SURTEK
2. CHEMICAL ENHANCE OIL RECOVERY
(CEOR)

SURTEK
 2.1. OBJECTIVE AND CAPABILITIES
1. Indospec is National company with core business in CEOR entered
co-operation with world wide EOR company of SURTEK and Oil Chem
Technologies (OCT).

2. Corporate Objective:
Design and Implementation of Chemical Floods that Make Money

3. Capabilities :
 Reservoir Screening
 Chemical Design and Optimization
 Laboratory Design and Physical Simulation
 Numerical Simulation
 Facility Design and Construction (Possible Rental Basic)
 Operations Planning and Quality Control
 Monitoring and Evaluation Project Performance

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2.2. EXPERIENCES

2013

SURTEK
 EXPERIENCES

SURTEK :
 324 clients in 22 countries

 Clients in Multi-National Companies to One Man Organization

 247 Man Years Chemical Flood Design and Field Application

Experiences

 71 Field Chemical Flood Applications

 332 Chemical Flood Evaluations :

 194 Chemical Flood Laboratory Designs

 42 Numerical Simulation Studies
 96 Reservoir Engineering Studies

SURTEK
 EXPERIENCES

Oil Chem Technologies :

SURTEK
EXPERIENCES

SURTEK
 2.3. BASIC THEORY
TOTAL RECOVERY EQUATION
AP, SP and ASP targets the total recovery efficiency

N p  ED E A EVI  OOIP
Np – Oil Recovery
ED – Pore to Pore (Unit) Displacement Efficiency
(Capillary Mechanism – How well does injected fluid move oil)
EA – Areal Displacement Efficiency
(Mobility Control Mechanism)
Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
EVI – Vertical Displacement Efficiency
(Mobility Control Mechanism)
OOIP – Original Oil in Place

19 SURTEK
 CAPILLARY NUMBER MECHANISM
1 1
• Capillary Pressure P = P w1 - P w2  2  - 
 r1 r 2 
P
• Viscous Forces (function of Capillary Pressure)
L

Viscous Forces P / L
N ca  
Surface Forces  IFT

SURTEK
CAPILLARY NUMBER MECHANISM

SURTEK
OVERVIEW STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION

SURTEK
 STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION
1. Basic Reservoir Screening
• Good waterflood performance (candidate)
• Permeability > 25 mD
• Sufficient target oil saturation
• Temperature < 200 F (> 200 F ?!)
• No bottom water drive
• Sufficient injection capacity
- 1 PV injection < 20 years
- Or additional wells needed

A chemical flood will not overcome geology!

Geological understanding of reservoir is imperative.

SURTEK
 STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION

2. Laboratory Program
a. Chemical Formulation
- Surfactant design and optimization  specific
- Polymer screening and optimization
- Alkaline screening and optimization
- SP / ASP compatibility test
- SP / ASP stability test
- SP / ASP IFT test
- SP / ASP Adsorption test
- Phase Behavior Test

b. Coreflooding Test

SURTEK
 OVERVIEW LABORATORY DESIGN

Surfactant, Alkali and

Water properties
Unstable
Unstable Fluid – Fluid
Evaluation
Every reservoir’s
Polymer Properties oil/water/rock/temperature
Viable
Viable Process
Process is unique!

Incompatibility
Incompatibility Mechanistic
Quit
Coreflood Evaluation What works in one reservoir
may not work in another.
Viable
Viable Process
Process

Oil Recovery
Simulation
No
No incremental recovery Coreflood Evaluation Economic
incremental recovery Economic Oil
Oil

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

SURTEK
 CHEMICAL DESIGN & FORMULATION
1. Surfactant
a. Analyze reservoir rocks and fluid both of oil & water.
b. Design Surfactant compatible with Reservoir characteristics (Rock & Fluid).
c. Laboratory testing for IFT, thermal stability, adsorption, etc.

2. Alkaline
a. Screening Alkaline type compatible with Surfactant & Reservoir (Rock & Fluid).
b. Laboratory testing for IFT, thermal stability, adsorption, etc.

3. Polymer
a. Screening Polymer type compatible with Reservoir, Surfactant, Alkaline.
b. Thermal stability test.

4. SP / ASP Formulation
a. Formula optimization
b. Thermal stability test

SURTEK
 ALKALI AND SURFACTANT
Alkali
• Reduce Interfacial Tension
• reacts with oil to form surfactants
• Change Chemistry of Rock
• alters rock chemistry, changing rock wettability to more water wet
• alters rock chemistry, reducing polymer and surfactant adsorption
• Enhance Utility of Other Chemicals
• adjusts pH and salinity
• reduces polymer size allowing entry into small pores
• protects polymer from divalent cation in the reservoir
• allows polyacrylamide polymers to flood higher temp
• stabilizes polyacrylamide to H2S catalyzed oxidative degradation
• Acts as a Mild Biocide

Surfactant
• Reduces oil-water interfacial tension

Alkali + Surfactant
• Synergistic interfacial tension reduction

27 SURTEK
 MECHANISMS
High IFT Low IFT
Oil trapped by pore Oil passes through
throat restriction pore throat restriction

Sand Sand
Oil
Oil
Water Water
Sand Sand

SURTEK
 POLYMERS

Polymer is the most important Chemical EOR

mechanism
Changes the mobility of injected fluid
Increase viscosity
Reduce effective water permeability
1st
Place

SURTEK
 POLYMER MOBILITY CONTROL MECHANISM
Improves EVI and EA

Displacing Phase Mobility k water /  water

M 
Displaced Phase Mobility k oil /  oil

Mobility Control Mechanism

• polymer
- improve contact efficiency
- improve displacement of oil to well

SURTEK
 OIL DISPLACEMENT IN 5-SPOT
Unfavorable Mobility Ratio > 1
Injector
Water

Oil
Producer

Favorable Mobility Ratio < 1

Injector
Water

Oil

Producer

SURTEK
 CHARACTERIZATION POLYMER SOLUTION
Apparent Viscosity – Rheological property calculated from viscometer

Reservoir Viscosity – Actual viscosity of solution within the reservoir

Screen Factor – Ratio of perspective flow times for a fixed volume of a polymer
solution and water to pass through a screen viscometer

• Helps asses the quality of the polymer solution

• High screen factor  potential injection problem
• Ideal solution: High viscosity, low screen factor

32 SURTEK
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT

“sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule”

Example: Water (H2O) Hydrogen MW = 1

Oxygen MW = 16
(2x1) + (1x16) = 18

Therefore, MW of Water = 18

MW of Polymers Are MUCH Higher Because:

• MW of Monomers Typically 100 to 200
• Polymers Can Contain Many Thousands of Monomers

Therefore, MW of Polymers = millions

33 SURTEK
POLYMER BEHAVIOR IN WATER
Ideally, Polymers are “Made
Down”
• Fresh water with low TDS
• “Moderate temperatures”
(15 – 50 deg C)
• Allowed to age 2 hours
for hydration
• pH > 7 2 Hours

Avoiding
• Temperature Extremes
• Extremely High Shear
• High Hardness or Free
Chlorine Levels
SURTEK
 ASP as CEOR SOLUTION
Chemical EOR Produces 10-20% incremental original oil in place

Implemented in Stages
1. ASP stage – mobilizes oil creating an oil bank
2. Polymer stage – pushes oil bank to producer
3. Water stage – final push to finish the project

SURTEK
 ALKALI, SURFACTANT, AND POLYMER

• Capillary Number Mechanism (ED)

- Alkali
- Surfactant
• improve oil removal from pores

• Mobility Control Mechanism (EA*EVI)

- Polymer
• improve contact efficiency
• improve displacement of oil to well

• Combining ASP Mechanisms (ED*EA*EVI)

- synergistic oil recovery

SURTEK
 OIL BANK

An example of oil bank

created by ASP solution while
Core flooding test.

Generally, oil bank will be

created & produced in 1-2 PV
after SP/ASP injection start.

Increase in oil cut after

chemical SP/ASP injection
indicates that the oil bank is
generated

SURTEK
 OIL BANK

Surfactant A Graph example where Oil

Flooding
Bank not generated during
Core flooding test

Spotty Oil, There is no Oil

Generally, oil bank will be
Bank Created generated and produced in 1-
2 PV after SP/ASP injection
start

Cumulative production
app 10 % OOIP with >
7 PV injected fluid after
chemical injection (oil
production in spotting &
no oil bank generated).

SURTEK
 COREFLOODS

• Relative permeability
• Sensitivity of the core to the injected water
• Polymer injectivity
• Polymer rheology as it flows through the core
Linear corefloods • Dynamic retention of polymer by reservoir rock
• Optimal polymer concentration (economic and
technical)
• Resistance factor and residual resistance factor

• Estimate oil produced from waterflood, reaffirm

oil saturation endpoint on relative permeability
curve and estimate waterflood mobility ratio
Oil recovery • Determine amount of additional oil beyond
corefloods (Radial waterflood a chemical flood will recover
corefloods) • Determine chemical retention/consumption
• Define if potential polymer flow problems exist
• Confirm polymer concentration is adequate for
mobility control
• Determine potential scale problems if alkali is
injected

SURTEK
 COREFLOODING TEST
Example 1
Step 1:Waterflooded to Sorw = 0.40 Vp
Step 2:Flooded with 1 pore volume low IFT solution
Step 3:Flushed with 2 pore volumes of water
Results: Recovered 0.05 pore volume incremental oil

2“
Sof = 0.35 Capillary Number Mechanism = ED
dia.

2 foot length  SURTEK

SURTEK
 COREFLOOD TEST
Example 2
Step 1:Waterflooded to Sorw = 0.40 Vp
Step 2:Flooded with 1 pore volume polymer = oil viscosity
Step 3:Flushed with 2 pore volumes of water
Results: Recovered 0.04 pore volume incremental oil

Sof = 0.36 Mobility Control Mechanism = EA*EVI

2“
Sof = 0.35 Capillary Number Mechanism = ED
dia.

2 foot length SURTEK

 SURTEK
 COREFLOOD TEST
Step 1: Waterflooded to Sorw = 0.40 Vp Step 2: Flooded with 1 PV ASP solution (µASP = µoil)
Step 3: Flushed with 2 pore volumes of water
Results: Recovered 0.37 pore volume incremental oil

Sof = 0.03 Combined Capillary Number = ED

and Mobility Control Mechanisms = EA*EVI

Sof = 0.36 Mobility Control Mechanism = EA*EVI

2“
Sof = 0.35 Capillary Number Mechanism = ED
dia.

2 foot length 42 SURTEK

 SURTEK
 STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION

3. Field Scale Performance

a. Numerical Simulation
• Optimization of field operations
• Well patterns
b. Economics

4. Chemical Injection Facilities

a. Surfactant & Alkaline mixing unit
b. Polymer mixing unit Possible for
c. Injection unit. Rental Basic

5. Implementation
a. QC/QA
b. Training to Operator
c. Performance Monitoring Best Case Lab to Field :
d. Evaluation
2 years

SURTEK
 NUMERICAL SIMULATION
What is Reservoir Simulation?

• A numerical model of the reservoir

- Correct physics of fluid flow
- Allows for heterogeneous property distribution

• Allows forecasts/sensitivity analysis of reservoir

performance
- Reservoir management
- Process design
- Strategic development planning
- Testing of alternative development options
- Recovery prediction
- Testing of uncertain reservoir parameters

SURTEK
 SIMULATION – GETTING STARTED
Geologic Model Reports
Well location Creating model
and borehole
properties
and formatting
historical data for
simulation is
among the most
time consuming
and challenging
aspects of
Well Tests
simulation 10000

1000

Delta P & Delta P' (psi)

Historical Data 100

10

Fluid Properties 1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Elapsed Shut-in Tim e (hrs)

SURTEK
 STAGES OF CHEMICAL EOR SIMULATION
1. Geologic/Reservoir Understanding
Geo-model 2. History Matching I – Field Performance
Well Logs
Seismic
Core Studies
Fluid Analysis
Flow Characteristics
Well Data
PTA
Etc...

4. Forecasting & Scenario Analyses

3. History Matching II – Coreflood Performance

SURTEK
 2.4. CEOR FACILITIES – BLOCK DIAGRAM

WATER TREATMENT ASP MIXING

ALKALI
MIXING
WATER
SOFTENING
PRODUCED
WATER SOFT SURFACTANT ASP ASP TO
WATER MIXING MIXING INJECTION
WELL

SECONDARY TERTIARY OIL POLYMER

OIL REMOVAL REMOVAL MIXING POLYMER TO INJECTION WELL

PRE-WASH TO
INJECTION WELL

SURTEK
SURTEK
 ASP MIXING PLANT - PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Induced Gas
Flotation Unit
Filter
Hard Softener
Water Unit
Unit Weak
Acid
Cation
Unit
Alkaline
Softene
& d Water
Surfactan
t Unit

ASP
Solutio
Polymer Unit n
Injection Pump
Unit

SURTEK
SURTEK
 CEOR FACILITIES FIELD LAY OUT (EXAMPLE)
Polymer Alkali Unit
Unit

Injection to Wells

Quality Control
Laboratory

Water Treatment Water Softening

Unit Unit

Surfactant
Unit

SURTEK
CEOR FACILITIES - SKID MOUNTED (UPTO 3000 BFPD)

SURTEK
 2.5. SUCCESS PARAMETER OF CEOR

1. Reservoir engineering and

geology
2. Laboratory evaluation
3. Numerical simulation
4. Facilities design
5. Careful field operations
6. Monitoring flood performance

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3. EOR SUCCESS STORY

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EOR SUCCESS STORY

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 EOR SUCCESS STORY
Net Pay Isopach
Cambridge Field
ASP area = 5,684 MBBL PV
Permeability = 845 md Alkaline-
Oil API Gravity = 20o Surfactant-
Oil Viscosity = 31 cp Polymer
Flood
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Injection
flooding beginning 1993
Well

SPE Res. Eng., Dec. 2000

SURTEK
 EOR SUCCESS STORY
100,000 100
Dashed Oil Cut
Solid Oil Rate
Simulated Data

Primary
Oil Cut Ultimate Oil Recovery 73.2%OOIP
10,000 10
Oil (bbl/month)

Oil Production Primary and

% Oil Cut
Waterflood 39.8 %OOIP

ASP Incremental
Recovery 33.4 %OOIP
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood
1,000 1

100 0.1
1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009

Cambridge Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood Production

SURTEK
 EOR SUCCESS STORY
Mid-Waterflood Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood
Net Pay Isopach
Tanner Field
ASP area = 2,528 MBBL PV
Alkaline-
Permeability = 200 md
Surfactant-
Temperature 175oF Polymer
Oil API Gravity = 21o Flood
Oil Viscosity = 11 cp Injection
Well

Waterflood beginning
November 1997
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer
flooding beginning
March 2000

SPE 100004

SURTEK
 Tanner, Wyoming
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood
100 100,000
Oil Cut Alkaline-
Surfactant-

Monthly Oil Production (bbls)

Polymer
Flood

Calculated
% Oil Cut

Continued
Waterflood
Oil Cut
10 10,000

Oil Production

Waterflood
Calculated
Continued
Primary Waterflood
Oil Rate

1 1,000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

SURTEK
Tanner Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood
Recovery Summary

Ultimate Oil Recovery 65.0 %OOIP

Primary and Waterflood 31.3 %OOIP
to 3/2000 – 40% oil cut
Primary and Waterflood 48.0 %OOIP
to 3% oil cut
ASP Incremental Recovery 17.0 %OOIP

SURTEK
 Tanner Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood Production
Compared to Radial Coreflood Performance
100 100
Cumulative Oil Recovery (%OOIP)

90 90

80 80

70 70

% Oil Cut
60 60

50 50

40 Coreflood Cumulative Oil Recovery 40

Coreflood Oil Cut
30 Well 24-30 Oil Cut 30
Well 24-30 Cumulative Oil Recovery
Calculated Well 24-30 Waterflood Oil Cut
20 Calculated Well 24-30 Waterflood Cumulative Oil 20

10 10

0 0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Cumulative Total Fluids, PV

SURTEK
 ETZIKOM – Pilot for Larger Fields in Same Reservoir
Etzikom: ASP area = 22,000 MBBL PV
Alberta, Canada Mobility Ratio = 17.2
Permeability = 1000 md
Temperature = 86oF
Oil API Gravity = 19o
Oil Viscosity = 100 cp
Waterflood beginning 1971
Alkaline-Polymer flooding beginning December 2000

SURTEK
ETZIKOM – AP FLOOD
Etzikom C Pool 22,000,000 bbl Full Field
Oil Rate
increase
185%

Oil cut
increase
2.5 – 17%

Water
Polymer Drive
Etzikom Well 03-24 of C Pool

Cum oil Cum oil

production when production since
well shut-in = EOR = 170,000
140,000 bbl bbl

25 years 12 years
SURTEK
 WARNER – ASP – Using Same Plant as Etzikom
Warner:
Alberta, Canada

ASP area = 50,000 MBBL PV

Permeability = 2100 md
Temperature 95oF
Oil API Gravity = 19o
Oil Viscosity = 58 cp
Polymer Flood beginning 1967
2 injection wells

Water beginning 1972

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer flooding beginning
May 2006

SURTEK
 Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flood
Warner 50,000,000 bbl Full Field
10 100,000
Oil Cut
ASP Injection
Oil Rate
May 2006

Monthly Oil and Water Production (bbl)

Oil Cut Increased
8 80,000
from 1.7 to 7.3%

6 60,000
% Oil Cut

4 Oil Rate Increased 40,000

from 9,000 bbl/m to
45,000 bbl/m
2 20,000

0 0
1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

SURTEK
 HUFF AND PUFF
TAC FIELD IN JAMBI

SURTEK
 HUFF AND PUFF
TAC FIELD IN JAMBI

30

27
25

20
19
BOPD

15
14 14 14
12
11
10

6 6
5 5
3 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-Nov-12 17-Nov-12 22-Nov-12 27-Nov-12 2-Dec-12 7-Dec-12
Date

SURTEK
 4. CLOSING REMARKS

• Chemical EOR is field proven technology

• Operators must do their homework to be successful

• CEOR is both technologically and economically successful

• Attention to detail in all phases is critical to succeed

• Planning and implementing a CEOR project is time intensive and

requires a long term view

• Good luck – You will need it – Just kidding

SURTEK
THANK YOU

Indospec Energy Solution

Menara Kadin Indonesia

26th Floor Suite E
Jl. HR Rasuna Said Kav X-5 No. 2-3
Jakarta, Indonesia 12950
Phone: +62-21 5274714
Fax: +62-21 5274761

SURTEK