LITERATURE UNDER U.S.

COLONIALISM (1898-1945)
 Gen. Emilio
The Filipino The Philippine Aguinaldo
revolutionist flag was was elected
won against hoisted on the first
the Spaniards June 12, 1898 president of
who colonized as a symbol of the
Philippines for independence Philippine
more than . Republic,
300 years. which was
short – lived.
 And in 1901,
Americans Gen. Emilio
colonized the Aguinaldo
country. surrendered to
the Americans.
 Significant developments in
education and culture

The use of
free public English as
instruction for medium of
all children of instruction in all
school age levels of
education in
public schools.
 languages used in writing during
the first years in American period

• Spanish PREDOMINATED
• Tagalog LANGUAGES

• Vernaculars

In 1910, a new group started to write in English

 SPANISH

THREE GROUPS OF
WRITERS ENGLISH
(LANGUAGE)

TAGALOG
The writers in
Spanish were Some writers:
accustomed to Cecilio Apostol
write on Fernando Ma. Guerrero
nationalism like Jesus Balomori,
honoring Rizal Manuel Bernabe
and other Claro M. Recto
heroes
 ENGLISH

Some writers:
The writers in Paz Marquez Benitez
English imitated Zoilo Galang
the themes and Jose Garcia Villa
methods of the Manuel E. Arguilla
Americans. Nick Joaquin
 TAGALOG

The writers wrote about their

lamentations on the conditions of
the country and their attempts to
arouse love to one’s native tongue.
 THREE GROUPS OF
TAGALOG WRITERS

Poets of the
Poets of Life Poets of the
Heart
(Makata ng Stage
(Makata ng
Buhay) (Makata ng
Puso)
Tanghalan)
Poets of the Heart (Makata ng
Puso)
Lope K. Santos,
Iñigo Ed. Regalado
Carlos Gatmaitan
Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
Ildefonso Santos
Amado V. Hernandez,
Nemecio Carabana
Mar Antonio
Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)

Lope K Santos
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Florentino Collantes
Patricio Mariano
Carlos Gatmaitan
Amado V. Hernandez
Poets of the Stage (Makata ng
Tanghalan)

Aurelio Tolentino
Patricio Mariano
Severino Reyes
 A. The Period of Re –
Orientation (1898 – 1910)

Philippine
Literature in B. The Period of Imitation
English is (1910-1925)
divided into
three time
frames:
C. The Period of Self-
Discovery
(1925-1941)
A. The Period of Re – Orientation (1898 – 1910)

Writers of this period were still adjusting to the

newfound freedom different from the Spanish
regime where thoughts and speech were
suppressed.

They were also adjusting in the use of the new

language and to the standards of the English
literary style.
B. The Period of Imitation (1910-1925)

Writers in this period made their way into

imitating the American and British’s way of
writing that resulted in rigid and unnatural
styles that lack vitality and spontaneity.
C. The Period of Self-Discovery
(1925-1941)

Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of

English writing. They now confidently and
competently wrote on a lot of subjects
although the old – time favorites of love and
youth persisted.
 Aurelio Tolentino

Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas