Hypothesis

PRESENTED BY: GIOVANNI PIERRO C. MALITAO, JR., LPT

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Definition

A Hypothesis is a tentative solution

to a particular problem which may
be accepted or rejected,
depending on what the facts are.
The Function of Hypothesis

1. It introduces the thinking of the

researcher, of what is the objective
or target of research in his mind.
2. It structures the next stage
3. It identifies the characteristic of the
researcher, whether an objective or
a biased researcher.
The Function of Hypothesis

4. It brings the research to a deeper analysis of

the variables in the study.
5. It identifies what the research hopes and
contemplates for the study.
6. It helps a research provide the format of the
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
gathered in the study.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

1. It
should be reasonable. It should be one
that can be tested and should involve the
variables in study.
2. It should state the type of analysis
between the variable, whether
differences or relationships.
Types of Hypothesis and How they Differ

1. Research Hypothesis
- A research hypothesis is a temporary solution to a set of problems of
the research , using their words. It should be with the statistical
hypothesis, so that there would be no conflict of interpretation. This is
the essence of inferential statistics or for problems that need decision-
making.
A research hypothesis will be better understood if discussed with the
statement of the problem, especially since not all statements of the
problem have research hypothesis.
Example

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the profile of middle managers in the company
in terms of the following personal variables:
1.1 gender
1.2 civil status
1.3 educational attainment
1.4 length of work experience
Example

2. What are the leadership skills of middle

managers in terms of:

2.1 human relations

2.2 technical
2.3 administrative skills
2.4 institutional skills
Example

3. Is there a significant difference in the leadership skills

when respondents are grouped according to personal
variables?

Problem 1 and 2 do not need hypothesis. As a matter of

fact, statement of the problem which start with “what”
are generally hypothesis free, for they “present” only data.
There is no analysis and interpretation of data.
Example

It is Problem 3 that needs hypothesis, because it is a problem that needs

analysis. One is not licensed to use the word “significant” if it has not
undergone statistical testing.
So the research hypothesis of Problem 3 is:
3.1 Leadership skills of middle managers do not significantly differ when
grouped according to age.
3.2 Leadership skills of middle managers do not significantly differ when
grouped according to gender.
3.3 Leadership skills of middle managers do not significantly differ when
grouped according to educational attainment.
3.4 Leadership skills do not significantly differ when grouped according to
work experience.
Base on the example for Problem 3

 One will observe that all above mentioned

hypothesis are in the null form.
 The word “no” does not express a negative
concept, but express a neutral one.
 It shows that the researchers is objective and
has no preconceived notion about the results,
but is ready to accept a different one when
proven.
 Base on the example for Problem 3

There is, however, another possible way of expressing a research hypothesis, for example, in a positive
one.
Take this problem:
Is there a significant relationship between age and leadership skill of managers?
The following research may be offered as temporary solutions:
Research hypothesis 1. (Null form)
 There is no significant relationship between age and leadership skills.
Research hypothesis 2. (Positive directional form)
 The researcher hypothesizes that the older the manager is, the better the leadership skills he posses.
Statistical Hypothesis

Two types of statistical hypotheses:

 The Null Hypothesis

 Alternative Hypothesis
The Null Hypothesis

Null, in mathematics, means “empty”

or zero. Here, we try to show the
corresponding statistical hypothesis.
Example

a. Research Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between
emotional quotient and leadership skills. This
implies, that the Pearson r correlation coefficient is
zero, expressed:
Ho: P=O – this is a statistical hypothesis.
Example

 Research hypothesis – There is no significant relationship between maturity

and human relations skill.
 Statistical hypothesis – Ho: P=O
 Research hypothesis – There is no significant difference between the two
processes A and B.
 Statistical hypothesis – Ho: A=B
 Research hypothesis – There is no significant difference two groups of
respondent in Mathematics performance.
 Statistical hypothesis – Ho: M (2) = M (1)

b. The null hypothesis is always the first statistical hypothesis to be tested.

Alternative Hypothesis

When the null hypothesis is rejected, there are

three alternative hypotheses you can choose
from:
a) Non-directional hypothesis
b) Positive directional hypothesis
c) Negative directional hypothesis
Thank You!

References:
Methods of Research: A Primer (2009)
by Estela G. Adanza, Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo, and Marietta B. Rasonabe