Professional Documents
Culture Documents
John Sargent, MD
• Learning Objectives:
• 1) Understand the process and context of
the development of children
• 2) Learn the process of adolescent
development through early, middle and late
adolescence
2
Development in Infancy
A.) Dependent upon health and capacities
including motor skills, sensory abilities
B.) Dependent upon availability of attuned,
available, caring adults
C.) Consistency of adult involvement is
most important
3
Importance of learning to communicate and
to obtain consistent reinforcement of
communicating wants and needs
4
Importance of parental affiliation – parental
caring for child as he or she is
5
Early motor development enhances relating
capacity and mobility – rolling over,
sitting, crawling, walking, climbing,
running
6
Motor development both builds autonomy
and the capacity for exploration but also
increases the need for social interaction,
supervision and limit setting
7
Language development begins before age 1
with babbling, proceeds to single words,
putting words together by age 2 and
greater vocabulary and complexity of
syntax through age 5
8
Language development furthers
modulation of emotions and impulses –
through prefrontal cortical modulation of
arousal
9
Language development also furthers
preoperational, egocentric thinking and
capacity for solitary and peer play
10
Preschool programs require capacity for
nurturance, adult availability, physical
play, routines, rest, use of language
11
Importance of alternatives to language for
developmentally delayed, deaf and
autistic children
12
School aged children engage increasingly in
group experiences (teams, classes and
clubs)
13
Through progression to concrete reasoning
school aged children require consistency,
challenge and reinforcement and clear
support for and standards for success
14
Differences in cultural background, size,
gender and skills become increasingly
more important leading to in groups and
out groups
15
Specific vulnerabilities in preschool children
include parental loss, parental neglect and
domestic violence
16
Specific vulnerabilities among school aged
children include ADHD, learning
disabilities and conflictual parental
relationship
17
Adolescence is the journey between
childhood and adulthood
18
Physiologic
Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioral
change occurs, often asynchronously
19
Goals of Adolescence
20
Goals of Adolescence, cont.
21
Goals of Adolescence, cont.
22
Goals of Adolescence, cont.
23
Goals of Adolescence, cont.
24
Some challenges which can persist
into adulthood that frequently have
inception in adolescence include:
A.) eating disorders
B.) substance abuse
C.) incarceration and persistent unlawful
behavior
25
Some challenges…, cont.
26
Some challenges…, cont.
27
Family and community factors can
exacerbate risk
A.) Parental substance abuse,
psychopathology, or criminality
B.) Conflictual parental relationship or post-
divorce conflict
C.) Parental job loss or moving
D.) Poverty
28
Family and community factors…, cont.
29
Family and community factors…, cont.
H.) Lack of access to resources and adult
role models
I.) Lack of opportunity to develop and
refine unique skills
J.) Inadequate or poor information
K.) A rejecting or unsupportive community
30
Role of cultural and ethnic/racial
difference
A.) Differing views about American culture
B.) Pressure to maintain culture of origin
C.) Confusion about being true to one’s own
culture
D.) Defining a unique cultural adaptation
31
Sexual Orientation Issues
32
Sources of resiliency among
adolescents
A.) Adult/parental support
B.) Intelligence
C.) Attractiveness
D.) Even/easy personality
E.) A unique talent or ability
33
Other sources of resiliency
34
Course of Development
35
Characteristics of successful
growth
A.) Decreasing age of onset of puberty
(earlier for girls)
B.) Consistent age of brain maturation with
completion of frontal lobe maturation at
age 25
36
Characteristics of successful
growth, cont.
C.) Supervision and support synchronous
with and consistent with fluctuating skills
D.) Opportunities for negotiation,
communication and exploration of
concerns through language
37
Challenges to successful
development
A.) Arbitrary and excessive efforts at
external control
B.) Lack of appreciation of adolescent
ambivalence
38
Challenges to successful
development, cont.
C.) Fluctuation between absent supervision
and authoritarian control
D.) Parental helplessness and abandonment
39
Community problems that impact
youth development
A.) Lack of after school or extracurricular
opportunities
B.) Lack of work opportunities
40
Community problems that impact
youth development, cont.
C.) Negative views about teenagers
D.) Confusion between recognition of
physical maturity and awareness of slow
psychosocial/emotion regulation
development
41
Characteristics of Positive Youth
Development:
Confidence
Competence
Caring
Connection
Character
42
Youth who do well:
43
Adolescence can be divided into 3
sections
A.) Early – ages 11-14
B.) Mid – ages 14-16
C.) Late – ages 17-19
Many aspects of adolescence persist into
20’s
44
Early Adolescence
45
Early Adolescence, cont.
46
Mid Adolescence
47
Mid Adolescence, cont.
48
Late Adolescence
49
Late Adolescence, cont.
50