Characteristics of Petroleum

and its products

OISD 154 Page 1

 Petroleum

• Petra- Rock + Oleum – Oil

• Organic
• Distillation
• Various Products
• Uses
• Specifications
• Highly Inflammable

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 Motor Gasoline- IS 2796:2008
• Colour :- As decided by refiners
• & marketers
• Density :– 720-775(BS-III) ; 720-775 (BS-
IV)
• Final Boiling Point :- 210,210
• Research Octane No. :- (91,91)
• Sulphur Content :- (0.150, 0.005) total %
by mass max
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 Diesel - IS: 1460—2005
• Density :– 820-845 (BSIII); 820-845 (BSIV)
• Pour Point :- 3, 15 deg max (winter,
summer)
• Flash Point :- Abel-35 deg ; Pensky Marten-
66 deg min
• Cetane No min. :- 51, 51
• Sulphur Content :- (0.035, 0.005) total % by
mass max

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 ATF - (IS:1571 - 2008)
• Visual Appearance :– Clear & Bright, free
from Solid matter & undissolved water at
ambient temperature.
• Density: 775-840
• Boiling Point:- 300 deg
• Flash Point :- 38 Min
• Sulphur Content :- 0.003 total % by mass
max

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Page 6
PETROLEUM = PETRA + OLEUM
(ROCK + OIL)

> Petroleum - complex mixture of hydrocarbons

occurring in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases
(natural gas), liquids (crude oil), semisolids (bitumen), or
solids (wax or asphaltite).

 The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring

unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are
made up of refined crude oil.
 An underground reservoir that contains hydrocarbons
is called petroleum reservoir and its hydrocarbon
contents that can be recovered through a producing
well is called reservoir fluid.
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 DIVISION OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum

Paraffins Olefins Naphthenes Aromatics

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Paraffins Olefins Naphthenes Aromatics

General formula Cyclic but

Alkanes with of CnH2n. Cycloalkanes are
ring or cyclic unsaturated
general formula
Noncyclic saturated hydrocarbons
of CnH2n+2, where
hydrocarbons but hydrocarbons that begin with
n is the number
unsaturated and with the general benzene
of carbon atoms.
have at least one formula of CnH2n. molecule (C6H6)
double bond

Cyclopentane
Paraffins from C1 (C5H10),
to C40 usually Compounds with cyclohexane
one double bond (C6H12), and their Contain Carbon-
appear in crude
are called derivatives such as Carbon double
oil and represent
monoolefins or n- bond.
up to 20% of
crude by volume alkenes. alkylcyclopentanes
are normally found
in crude oils.

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 PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM

The product refined from liquid fraction can be placed

into ten main categories .These main products are
further refined to create materials more common to
every day life.
The main products are following

ASPHALT: It is commonly used to make the road. It is

colloid of asphaltenes and maltenes that is separated
from other components of crude oil by fraction
distillation. Once asphalt is collected it processed in de-
asphalting unit, and then goes throuGh a process called
‘blowing’ where it is reacted with oxygen to make it
harden. It is usually stored and transported at 149 deg.
Celsius
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DIESEL : Diesel is produced by fraction distillation
between 200- 350 deg celsius. It has higher density than
gasoline .

The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane

number. A cetane number is a measure of the delay of
ignition of a diesel fuel. A higher cetane number indicates
that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot
compressed air

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Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures,
while the temperatures greatly vary. Petrodiesel typically
freezes around temperatures of (−8.1 °C), whereas
biodiesel freezes between temperatures of (2º to 15 °C).

GASOLENE:
Almost half of all crude oil refined in united states is made
into gasoline. It is mainly used as a fuel in internal
combustion engine. Gasoline is a mixture of paraffins,
napthalenes and olefins.
It is called different thing in different part of world.
Some of these names are: Petrol, Petroleum spirit,gas,
petrogasoline, spirit, mogas etc

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KEROSENE:

• Kerosene is collected through fraction distillation at

temperature between 150-275 deg celsius.
• It is combustible liquid that is thin and clear.
• Kerosene is most commonly used in jet fuel and
heating oil used in stoves, lamp & lantern.
• It has density of range 0.78–0.81 g/cm3
• The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C
and its auto-ignition temperature is 220 °C
• Kerosene is immiscible in water (cold or hot), but
miscible in petroleum solvents.

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LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS :

LPG is a mixture of commercial butane and commercial

propane having both saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
At atmospheric pressure and temperature LPG is 1.5-2.0
times heavier than air.
Density is half of water ranges from 0.525-0.580 @ 15
deg. C
LPG has a very faint smell. Ethyl Mercaptan is used as
stenching agent.
During leakage the vaporisation of liquid cools the
atmosphere and condensed the water vapour contained
in them to form a whitish fog which makes it possible to
see the escape of LPG.

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LUBRICATING OIL :
Lubricating oil consist of base oil and additives.
Lubricating oil is used between two surface to reduce
friction and wear.
The most commonly known lubricating oil is motor oil
which protect moving part inside internal combustion
engine.
Density range is 700-950 kg/m3

PARAFFIN WAX :
Paraffin wax is white,odourless ,tasteless ,waxy solid at
room temperature.
Density around 900kg/m3
Insouble in water, soluble in benzene,ether,esters

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The melting point of parafin wax is between 47-63 deg
celcius.
It is an exellent electrical insulator .
It is used in dry wall to insulate the building.
It is also an acceptable wax to make the candle.

BITUMEN :
Bitumen commonly known as tar, is a thick black sticky
material.
Refined bitumen is a bottom fraction obtained by the
fraction distillation of crude oil.
This means that boiling point of bitumen is very high, so it
does not rise in the distillation chamber.
The boiling point of bitumen is 525 deg. Celcius.

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Bitumen is used in paving road and water proofing roofs
and boats.

PETRO-CHEMICALS :
Petrochemical are chemical products made from raw
materials of petroleum.
These chemicals includes;
Ethylene- used to make anesthetics,antifreeze and
detergents.
Propylene- used to make acetone and phenol.
Benzene- used to make other chemicals and explosive
Toulene- used as solvent and refined gasoline
Xylene- used as solvent and cleaning agent.

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 PETROLEUM STANDARD
There are a number of international standard
organizations that recommend specific characteristics or
standard measuring techniques for various petroleum
products. Some of these organizations are as follows:

1. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) in

the United States
2. ISO (International Organization for Standardization),
which is at the international level
3. IP (Institute of Petroleum) in the United Kingdom
4. API (American Petroleum Institute) in the United States

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 PETROLEUM PROPERTIES
.Cloud point is the lowest temperature at which wax
crystals begin to form by a gradual cooling under standard
conditions. At this temperature the oil becomes cloudy and
the first particles of wax crystals are observed. The
standard procedure to measure the cloud point is ASTM D
2500.

Wax crystals can plug the fuel system lines and filters,
which could lead to stalling aircraft and diesel engines
under cold conditions. Cloud points are measured for oils
that contain paraffins in the form of wax

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Flash Point:

"Flash point" of any petroleum liquid is the lowest

temperature at which the liquid yields vapour in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air and
gives a momentary flash on application of a small pilot
flame.

Petroleum products are classified according to their

closed cup FLASH POINTS as given below:

Class-A Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point

below 23oC. E.g. Petrol, Naptha, Toluene, Hexane

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Class-B Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of 23
oC and above but below 65 oC.

e.g. HSD, SKO,MTO

Class-C Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of 65

oC and above but below 93 oC.

e.g. Furnace Oil

Excluded Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of

93 oC and above.

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 TABLE : 1

Fuel Flash Point (• C) Auto-Ignition

Temp. (• C)
Ethanol 16.6 363
Petrol -43 280
Diesel >52 256
Kerosene >38-72 220
Jet Fuel >38 256
Vegetable Oil 327 -

Bio-diesel >130 -

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Fire Point :
It is defined as the minimum temperature at which the
hydrocarbon will continue to burn for at least 5 s after
being ignited by a flame.

Auto- Ignition Temperature:

It is the minimum temperature at which hydrocarbon
vapor when mixed with air can spontaneously ignite
without the presence of any external source. Values of
autoignition temperature are generally higher than flash
point. This is particularly important from a safety point
of view when hydrocarbons are compressed.
Standard test is ASTM D 2155

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Flamibility Range :
To have a combustion, three elements are required: fuel
(hydrocarbon vapor), oxygen (i.e., air), and a spark to
initiate the combustion. One important parameter to
have a good combustion is the ratio of air to
hydrocarbon fuel. The combustion does not occur if
there is too much air (little fuel) or too little air (too much
fuel). This suggests that combustion occurs when
hydrocarbon concentration in the air is within a certain
range. This range is called flammability range and is
usually expressed in terms of lower and upper volume
percent in the mixture of hydrocarbon vapor and air.

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Octane Number :
• Octane number is a parameter defined to characterize
antiknock characteristic of a fuel (gasoline and jet fuel)
for spark ignition engines.
• Octane number is a measure of fuel's ability to resist
auto-ignition during compression and prior to ignition.
Higher octane number fuels have better engine
performance.
• The octane number of a fuel is measured based on two
reference hydrocarbons of n-heptane with an assigned
octane number of zero and isooctane (2,2,4-
trimethylpentane) with assigned octane number of 100

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There are two methods of measuring octane number of a
fuel in the laboratory;
motor octane number (MON) and research octane
number (RON).
The MON is indicative of high-speed performance (900
rpm) and is measured under heavy road conditions
(ASTM D 357).
The RON is indicative of normal road performance under
low engine speed (600 rpm) city driving conditions (ASTM
D 908).
The arithmetic average value of RON and MON is known
as posted octane number (PON).

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Improving the octane number of fuel would result in
- reducing power loss of the engine
- improving fuel economy
-a reduction in environmental pollutants and engine
damage.

There are a number of additives that can improve octane

number of gasoline or jet fuels. These additives are tetra-
ethyl lead (TEL), alcohols, and ethers.

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Cetane Number:

For diesel engines, the fuel must have a characteristic that

favors auto-ignition. The ignition delay period can be
evaluated by the fuel characterization factor called cetane
number (CN). The shorter the ignition delay period the
higher CN value.
The cetane number of a diesel fuel can be measured by the
ASTM D 613 test method.
Higher cetane number fuels reduce combustion noise and
permit improved control of combustion resulting in
increased engine efficiency and power output

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Higher cetane number fuels tend to result in easier starting
and faster warm-up in cold weather and can cause
reduction in air pollution.
Cetane number of diesel fuels can be improved by adding
additives such as 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate or other types of
alkyl nitrates.

Smoke Point:
The smoke point (SP) is a maximum flame height at
which a fuel can be burned in a standard wick-fed lamp
without smoking.

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It is expressed in millimeters and a high smoke point
indicates a fuel with low smoke-producing tendency.
Measurement of smoke point is described under ASTM D
1322.

Smoke point is a characteristic of aviation turbine fuels

and kerosenes and indicates the tendency of a fuel to
burn with a smoky flame

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THANK YOU

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