Pengantar Teknik Elektro

Telekomunikasi I

Achmad Hidayatno
 Standar Kompetensi
• Mahasiswa mampu memahami
perkembangan teknologi telekomunikasi dan
pilihan profesi yang bisa diraih
 Rujukan
• Tarmo Anttalainen, Introduction to
Telecommunications Network Engineering,
2003
KOMUNIKASI ….. ?
 Pentingnya Komunikasi
• Komunikasi adalah proses untuk saling
bertukar informasi
• Halangan utamanya adalah bahasa dan jarak
• Tugas utama:
– Pengumpulan
– Pemaketan, dan
– Penyaluran
 Cara Berkomunikasi
• Bertatap muka
• Isyarat
• Tulisan
• Temuan Elektronik:
• Telegraph
• Telephone
• Radio
• Television
• Internet (computer)
 Perhatikan Tayangan berikut ini:
• Visi teknologi
 Sistem Telekomunikasi
• Komponen Dasar:

– Transmitter
– Channel or medium
– Receiver

• Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted

information.
 Communication Systems Model

A general model of all communication systems.

Examples of Communication
 Communication Systems
Transmitter
– The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the
electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given medium.

– Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency
mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
 Communication Systems
Communication Channel
– The communication channel is the medium by
which the electronic signal is sent from one place
to another.
– Types of media include
• Electrical conductors
• Optical media
• Free space
• System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).
 Communication Systems
Receivers
– A receiver is a collection of electronic components
and circuits that accepts the transmitted message
from the channel and converts it back into a form
understandable by humans.
– Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,
tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier.
 Communication Systems
Transceivers
– A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and receive
signals.
– Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
 Communication Systems
Attenuation
– Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all
media of wireless transmission. It is proportional
to the square of the distance between the
transmitter and receiver.
 Communication Systems
Noise
– Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy
that enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the
transmitted message.
 Types of Electronic Communication
• Electronic communications are classified
according to whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or
half duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.
 Types of Electronic Communication
Simplex
– The simplest method of electronic communication
is referred to as simplex.
– This type of communication is one-way. Examples
are:
• Radio
• TV broadcasting
• Beeper (personal receiver)
 Types of Electronic Communication
Full Duplex
– Most electronic communication is two-way and is
referred to as duplex.
– When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it
is called full duplex. The telephone is an example
of this type of communication.
 Types of Electronic Communication
Half Duplex
– The form of two-way communication in which only
one party transmits at a time is known as half
duplex. Examples are:
• Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
• Citizen band (CB)
• Family radio
• Amateur radio
 Types of Electronic Communication
Analog Signals
– An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current. Examples are:
• Sine wave
• Voice
• Video (TV)
 Types of Electronic Communication

Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
 Types of Electronic Communication
Digital Signals
– Digital signals change in steps or in discrete
increments.
– Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:
• Telegraph (Morse code)
• Continuous wave (CW) code
• Serial binary code (used in computers)
 Types of Electronic Communication

Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c)
Serial binary code.
 Types of Electronic Communication
Digital Signals
– Many transmissions are of signals that originate in
digital form but must be converted to analog form
to match the transmission medium.
• Digital data over the telephone network.
• Analog signals.
– They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D)
converter.
– The data can then be transmitted and processed by
computers and other digital circuits.
 Modulation and Multiplexing
• Modulation and multiplexing are electronic
techniques for transmitting information
efficiently from one place to another.
• Modulation makes the information signal
more compatible with the medium.
• Multiplexing allows more than one signal to
be transmitted concurrently over a single
medium.
 Modulation and Multiplexing

Multiplexing at the transmitter.

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The range of electromagnetic signals
encompassing all frequencies is referred to as
the electromagnetic spectrum.
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum.

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Frequency
– A signal is located on the frequency spectrum
according to its frequency and wavelength.
– Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive
wave that occur in a given period of time.
– A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals,
current reversals, or electromagnetic field
oscillations.
– Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
– The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
– Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle
of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
– Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one
cycle.
– The wavelength of a signal is represented by the
Greek letter lambda (λ).
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)
 Bandwidth
• Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a
signal.

• Channel bandwidth refers to the range of

frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
• Most circuits in electronic communication are
used to manipulate signals to produce a
desired result.

• All signal processing circuits involve:

– Gain
– Attenuation
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Gain
– Gain means amplification. It is the ratio of a circuit’s
output to its input. Vout
output
AV = =
input Vin

An amplifier has gain.

 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
• Most amplifiers are also power amplifiers, so the
same procedure can be used to calculate power
gain AP where Pin is the power input and Pout is
the power output.
Power gain (Ap) = Pout / Pin
• Example:
The power output of an amplifier is 6 watts (W).
The power gain is 80. What is the input power?

Ap = Pout / Pin therefore Pin = Pout / Ap

Pin = 6 / 80 = 0.075 W = 75 mW
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
• An amplifier is cascaded when two or more
stages are connected together.
• The overall gain is the product of the individual
circuit gains.
• Example:
Three cascaded amplifiers have power gains of 5, 2,
and 17. The input power is 40 mW. What is the
output power?
Ap = A1 × A2 × A3 = 5 × 2 × 17 = 170
Ap = Pout / Pin therefore Pout = ApPin
Pout = 170 (40 × 10-3) = 6.8W
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Attenuation
– Attenuation refers to a loss introduced by a circuit
or component. If the output signal is lower in
amplitude than the input, the circuit has loss or
attenuation.
– The letter A is used to represent attenuation
– Attenuation A = output/input = Vout/Vin
– Circuits that introduce attenuation have a gain
that is less than 1.
– With cascaded circuits, the total attenuation is the
product of the individual attenuations.
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels

Total attenuation is the product of individual attenuations of each cascaded

circuit.
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Decibels
– The decibel (dB) is a unit of measure used to
express the gain or loss of a circuit.
• The decibel was originally created to express hearing
response.
• A decibel is one-tenth of a bel.

– When gain and attenuation are both converted

into decibels, the overall gain or attenuation of a
circuit can be computed by adding individual gains
or attenuations, expressed in decibels.
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Decibels: Decibel Calculations
– Voltage Gain or Attenuation
dB = 20 log Vout/ Vin

– Current Gain or Attenuation

dB = 20 log Iout/ Iin

– Power Gain or Attenuation

dB = 10 log Pout/ Pin
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Decibels: Decibel Calculations

• Example:
An amplifier has an input of 3 mV and an output of 5
V. What is the gain in decibels?

dB = 20 log 5/0.003
= 20 log 1666.67
= 20 (3.22)
= 64.4
 Gain, Attenuation,
and Decibels
Decibels: Decibel Calculations
• Example:
A filter has a power input of 50 mW and an output
of 2 mW. What is the gain or attenuation?
dB = 10 log (2/50)
= 10 log (0.04)
= 10 (−1.398)
= −13.98

– If the decibel figure is positive, that denotes a gain.

 A Survey of
Communications Applications
• Simplex
– AM and FM broadcasting
– Digital radio
– TV broadcasting
– Digital television (DTV)
– Cable television
– Facsimile
– Wireless remote control
– Paging services
– Navigation and
direction-finding
services
– Telemetry
– Radio astronomy
– Surveillance
– Music services
– Internet radio and video
 A Survey of
Communications Applications
• Duplex
– Telephones – Family Radio service
– Two-way radio – The Internet
– Radar – Wide-area networks
– Sonar (WANs)
– Amateur radio
– Metropolitan-area
– Citizens radio
networks (MANs)
– Local area networks
(LANs)
 Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
• The electronics industry is roughly divided
into four major specializations:
1. Communications (largest in terms of people
employed and the dollar value of equipment
purchased)
2. Computers (second largest).
3. Industrial controls.
4. Instrumentation.
 Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
Types of Jobs
– Engineers design communication equipment and
systems.

– Technicians install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate,

and maintain equipment.

– Engineering Technicians assist in equipment

design, testing, and assembly.
 Jobs and Careers in the
Communication Industry
Types of Jobs
– Technical sales representatives determine
customer needs and related specifications, write
proposals and sell equipment.

– Technical writers generate technical

documentation for equipment and systems.

– Trainers develop programs, generate training and

presentation materials, and conduct classroom
training.