Prepared by:

HUMAIRA SIDDIQUA MALIK

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze
Age civilization (3300-1300 BCE; mature period
2600-1900 BCE) extending from what today is
northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest
India.
At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a
population of over five million. Inhabitants of the
ancient Indus river valley developed new
techniques in handicraft (carnelian products,
seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze,
lead, and tin).
They used stone and metalic tools and were
unknowm of weapons.
As this civilization was first urban civilization,
There were two cities one on Harappa and other on
Mohenjo-daro. The Indus cities are noted for their
urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate
drainage systems, water supply systems, and
clusters of large non-residential buildings. Pattern
of cities were designed on chess board. Internal
roads of the cities were cutting each other at 90°.
They were comparable to ancient Egypians and
Sumerians. There were social and religious
connections between Indus Valley and Near East
as recorded in the Sumerian documents.
They had no specific religion. The nature of
religion was Phallus Worship meaning symbolic
worship such as tree or earth. Only one idol of
shiva was found.
The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the least
known civilizations of antiquity till today
because of its writing. Examples of the writing
are found on pottery, amulets, carved stamps
seals and even in weights and copper tablets.
Harrapans were first cotton producers. The
agriculture of Indus valley civilization was
including rice, wheat, barley, peas and
mustard.
The mode of trade adopted by this
civilization was Barter trade system
meaning trading goods for goods.
The End