Engine Lubrication And Cooling
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Principles of Engine Lubrication
• Primary purpose is to reduce friction between moving
parts.
• Liquid lubricants (oil) are used universally in aircraft.
• No metal to metal contact occurs.
• Friction and wear held to a minimum.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Principles of Engine Lubrication
• Oil film acts as a cushion between metal parts.
– Crankshaft and connecting rods
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Principles of Engine Lubrication
• Absorbs heat from the parts.
– Pistons and cylinder walls.
• Forms a seal between the piston and the cylinder wall.
• Reduce abrasive wear.
– Picks up foreign particles and carries them to the
filter.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Principles of Engine Lubrication
• Reduces friction
• Cushions
• Absorbs heat
• Cooling
• Forms a seal
• Reduces abrasive wear
• Cleans
Types of Lubricants
Animal, Vegetable, Petroleum, Mineral and Synthetic
Animal oils are not suitable lubricants for internal-combustion
engines (cause corrosion when exposed to high temperatures )
Vegetable oils have good lubricating qualities (Property
deteriorate with time)
Petroleum based – used in earlier Jet Engines (MIL-PRF-6081 grade )
This oil was distributed in two grades -1010 for normal use and 1005 for extremely low
temperatures.
The operation of jet engines at these higher, colder altitudes and higher engine
temperatures created greater demands on lubricating oils
MIL-PRF-7808, MIL-PRF-23699 synthetic oil- withstand higher bearing temperatures
Commonly used Lubricating Oil
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Requirements & Characteristics Of Lubricants
• The Most important characteristic is its viscosity.
– The resistance of an oil to flow.
– High viscosity is oil that flows slow.
– Low viscosity is oil that flows freely.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Some Grades of oil become practically solid in
cold weather.
– Increases drag
– Makes circulation difficult.
• Others become so thin at high temperatures
that the oil film is broken.
– Rapid wear of moving parts.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Flash Point And Fire Point
• Flash Point is the temperature at which a liquid will
begin to give off ignitable vapors.
• Fire Point is the temperature at which there are
sufficient vapors to support a flame.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cloud Point, Pour Point And Specific Gravity
• Cloud Point is the temperature at which its wax
content, normally held in solution, begins to solidify
and separate in to tiny crystals.
• Pour Point is the lowest temperature at which it will
flow or can be poured.
• Specific Gravity is a comparison of the weight of the
substance to the weight of an equal volume of
distilled water.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Aviation oils are classified numerically according
to an approximation of their viscosity.
• Classified under an SAE (Society of Automotive
Engineers) system.
• SAE divides all oils into seven groups according
to viscosity at either 130° or 210° F.
• SAE 10 to 70 (SAE 20W)
• “W” indicates that the oil is satisfactory oil for winter use
in cold climates.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Internal Lubrication Of Reciprocating Engines
• Three Methods used
– Pressure
– Splash
– Combination Splash-And-Pressure
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Pressure-Lubrication
• A mechanical pump supplies oil under pressure to the
bearings throughout the engine.
• Splash-Lubrication
• Used in addition to pressure lubrication on aircraft
engines.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Advantages of pressure lubrication system
• Positive introduction of oil to the bearings.
• Cooling effect caused by the large quantities of oil
which can be circulated through a bearing.
• Satisfactory lubrication in various attitudes of flight.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Lubrication Systems
• Wet-Sump System
• Dry-Sump System
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Wet-Sump
• System consist of a sump or pan, in which the oil
supply is contained.
• The sump or pan is attached to the bottom of the
engine case.
Wet-Sump
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Wet-Sump
Disadvantages
• Oil supply limited by sump capacity.
• Cooling is difficult.Oil temperatures are higher because the oil is
continuously subjected to the engine temperature.
• Higher operating temperatures.
• Not adaptable to inverted flying.since the oil supply would flood the
engine.
Advantages
• Requires no external parts and fittings to complicate installation.
• No second (scavenge pump) required.
Filters
• The filters are an important part of the lubrication system, since
they remove most foreign particles in the oil.
• Without some type of filter in the oil system, dirt or metal
particles suspended in the oil could damage bearings, clog
passages, and cause engine failure.
• The filter bypass valve allows oil to flow around the filter element
if it becomes clogged. The bypass valve opens whenever a certain
pressure differential is reached because the filter became clogged.
Disk-Type Filter
Micronic-Type Filter
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Dry-Sump
• Oil supply is carried in a separate tank.
• Scavenger pumps used to return the oil to the tank.
• Used in radial engines and engines capable of
sustained inverted flight.
Dry-Sump
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Lubrication
System
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
It consists of the following components:
• 1. Tank
• 2. Oil pressure and scavenge
• pump
• 3. Oil filter and condition
• monitoring system
• 4. Oil coolers
• 5. Chip detector- The chip detector is on the forward side of the accessory
gearbox. It consists of a housing with an integral magnet and electrical connector, with
a removable screen surrounding the magnet. If there are chips, the completed circuit
illuminates the appropriate engine number’s CHIP DETECTED warning light .
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Engine Cooling Systems
• Why is excessive heat undesirable in internal
combustion engines?
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Affects the behavior of the combustion of the fuel/air
charge.
• It weakens and shortens the life of engine parts.
• It impairs lubrication.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Engine Cooling Systems
• About one-fourth of the heat released in an engine is
changed into useful power.
• Half of the heat goes out the exhaust, and the other is
absorbed by the engine.
• Oil picks up some heat and transfers it to the
airstream.
• The engine cooling system takes care of the rest.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cooling Fins
• Cooling fins increase the surface of a cylinder.
• This arrangement increases the heat transfer by
radiation (from a jug to a barrel).
• Cylinders are normally replaced when a specified
number of square inches of fins are missing.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cowling and baffles
• Designed to force air over the cylinder cooling fins.
• Direct the air close around the cylinders and prevent it
from forming hot pools.
• Blast tubes direct jets of cooling air onto the bottom
spark plug elbows.
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Temperature Controls
• Controls the air circulation over the engine.
• Keeps the engine from overheating on take off and
getting too cold in high-speed low-power letdowns.
• Cowl Flaps, Augmenters
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cowl Flaps
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Augmenters
Engine Lubrication And Cooling
• Cylinder Head Temperature Indicating System
• Consists of and indicator, electrical wiring, and a
thermocouple.
• Thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals
connected by wiring to an indicating system. A
voltage is produced when the temperature of the
junction is different from the temperature where the
dissimilar metals are connected.
