WASHING MACHINE

CASE STUDY

● NEHAL SURTI (56)

● MAHESH TAMSE (58)
● SHYAM SODHANI (52)
● UMANG PRAJAPATI (42)
● RUSHABH KHARA(29)
 INTRODUCTION

● An embedded system contains sensors, actuators,

control unit and application-specific user interfaces
like keyboards, display units, etc.
● The actuator part of the washing machine consists of
a motorised agitator, tumble tub, water drawing
pump and inlet valve to control the flow of water into
the unit.
● The sensor part consists of the water temperature
sensor, level sensor, etc.
● The control part contains a microprocessor based
board with interfaces to the sensors and actuators.
● The sensor data is fed back to the control unit and
the-control unit generates the necessary actuator
outputs.
● The control unit also provides connectivity to user
interfaces like keypad for setting the washing time,
selecting the type of material to be washed like light,
medium, heavy duty, etc.
● User feedback is reflected through the display unit
and LEDs connected to the control board.
 MODELS OF WASHING MACHINE

● TOP LOADING:
○ Places the clothes in a vertically mounted
perforated basket contained within a water
retaining tub, with a finned water-pumping
agilator in the center of the bottom of the basket.
○ Outer tub is filled with water sufficient to fully
immerse or suspend the clothing freely in the
basket.
○ Water moves outward, up the sides of the basket
towards the centre and then down towards the
agitator to repeat the process.
● FRONT LOADING:
○ Mounts inner basket and outer tub horizontally.
○ Agitation is supplied by the back-forth rotation of
the cylinder and by gravity.
○ Clothes are lifted up by the paddles on the
inside wall and then dropped.
○ This motion flexes the weave of the fabric and
forces water and detergent solution through the
clothes load.
○ They use less amount of water and soap.
FUNCTIONAL MODES OF WASHING MACHINE

● FULLY AUTOMATIC MODE:

○ Performs independently without user
interference.
○ Sense cloth quality and requirement of water and
other factors and perform accordingly.
● SEMI AUTOMATIC MODE:
○ Washing conditions are predefined.
○ Performs according to the predefined
instructions.
● MANUAL MODE:
○ User has to specify which operation to be
performed and provide related information to
the system.
○ After giving data, user has to start the machine.
Water Pump

○ The water pump is used to recirculate water or

drain the water from the machine.
○ This pump actually has 2 separate pumps inside
one the bottom half of the pump is hooked up to
the drain line , while the top half recirculates the
wash water.
○ It spins one way when the washer is running a wash
cycle and recirculating the water and it spins the
other way when the washer is doing a spin cycle and
draining the water.
Display Panel

Display panel is a touch panel screen to control all the

operations of the machine.
Motor Controller

● Washing machines usually employ a single-phase

motor.
● In semi-automatic washing machines, a purely
mechanical switch controls the timing and direction
of the motor.
● Basically, a single-phase motor requires a master
timer and a spin direction controller.
● Direction of Rotation

can be controlled as

shown in figure.

● The motor cannot be

reversed instantly.

● It needs a brief pause

between switching

directions, or else it

may get damaged.

Working
● To avoid damaging of motor, another spin direction
control timer (IC2) is employed.
● This timer gives an alternate ‘on’ and ‘off’ time
duration of 10 seconds and 3 seconds.

● The master timer is realised with monostable IC 555

(IC1) and it's ‘on’ time is decided by the resistance of 1-
mega-ohm potmeter VR.
● A 47-kilo-ohm resistor is added in series
● The outputs of both the timers are connected to
NAND gate N1 (IC3)
● The output pin 3 of N1 is connected to relay RL1 via
pnp transistor T1, so the relay energises only when
● During ‘on’ time of spin direction timer IC2, the output
of negative- edge triggered JK flip-flop at pin 2 goes
low to energise relay RL2 and washing machine motor
rotates in one direction.
● During the off time of IC2, the output of N1 goes high
again to de-energise relay RL1, which cuts off the
mains supply to RL2 and the monitor stop rotating.
 Modern Inverter Washing Machines

● 3 Phase DC motor = Electronic Speed Controller

+ 3 Phase brushless motor
(Inverter) (Driver
motor)
● Modern washing machines use 3 phase driver
motor with inverter for more efficient power
usage
● Electronic Speed Controller is used for
generating 3 phase AC and sensing the rotor
position.
Advantages of 3 phase motors

● Granular speed
control
● Lower RPMs at
lower loads
● Higher Torque
Basic Brushless Motors

● The neutral point

○ When phases meet with
equal load it is the
reference point
● Since the phase is changing
continuously, the magnetic
field generated is rotating
 ● As the phase changes the direction of
magnetic field changes
● This in turn keeps on rotating the Rotor

● Stator: Contains Coils

● Rotor: Consists of
magnet and is the
moving part
 Inverter (E lectronic S peed C ontroller )

● Generates the PWM signals that are

similar to 3 phase output
● The frequency of signal controls the
speed of motor

● The ESC needs to know the position of

the rotor
● The ESC uses back EMF induced by
the stator to determine the position
Sensor

● Sensor is a device whose purpose is to detect events

or changes in its environment and send the
information to processor for processing

● Like many modern appliances, washing machines

today use a variety of sensors to ensure proper, safe,
and energy-efficient operation.
Different types of Sensor

1.Lid/Door Position Sensor- to detect when the lid is in

the closed position
● As a safety precaution, the wash cycle doesn’t begin
the rotation of the drum unless the top lid is closed.
● A magnet is placed onto the moveable lid
● Reed switch that is mounted to the frame of washing
machine near where the lid rests when closed.
● When the reed switch is closed, the microprocessor in
the washing machine’s electronics panel reads that
the lid is closed and allows for the drum rotation to
begin.
Reed Switch
Other Types of Sensor

● Water Level Sensor-to know when water needs to be

pumped into the drum and when water needs to be
pumped out.

● Drum Speed Sensor- to control the speed at which

the drum rotates or spins

● Temperature Sensor-to control the temperature of

the water

● Detergent Level Sensor-when the detergent is too low

and requires refill.