FRUIT

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 The life cycle of a plant

Roots grow from a seed.

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 The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow Leaves start to grow.
from a seed.

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 The life cycle of a plant
Roots Leaves More leaves grow.
grow start to Flower buds
from a grow. appear.
seed.

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 The life cycle of a plant
More leaves
Roots Leaves grow. The
grow start to Flower buds flowers
from a grow. appear. open.
seed.

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The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The
flowers make a fruit
with seeds inside.

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 The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The
flowers make a fruit
with seeds inside.

The fruit dries

and falls.
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Plant Reproduction

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 Fruit
In flowering plants
 Fruit is a mature, ripened ovary that
contains the seeds
 Pericarp – the ovary wall

Fruit types
 A. Simple
 B. Aggregate
 C. Multiple
ovary
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Ovary develops into a fruit

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Fruiting Bodies and Fruits

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Developmental origin of fruits

Carpels
Flower
Stamen Ovary
Stigma

Stamen
Ovule
Pea flower Raspberry flower Pineapple inflorescence

Carpel Each
(fruitlet) Stigma segment
develops
Seed
Ovary from the
carpel of
Stamen
one flower

Pea fruit
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
Raspberry fruit
(b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit
develops from many separate
carpels of one flower (examples:
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).
Pineapple fruit
(c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
develops from many carpels
of many flowers (examples:
pineapple, fig).

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SIMPLE FRUIT
 The mayority of flowering plant have fruit
composed of a single ovary. These referred to
as simple fruits.
 When the entire pericarp (the ovary wall) of
simple fruits is fleshy, the fruit is refer to berry.
 Simple fleshy fruits having a stony endocarp
(such as peach, plum, olive) are known as
drupes (or stone fruits).
 Simple fleshy fruits in which the inner portion of
the pericarp forms a dry paperlike “core” are
known as pomes (apple, pear, for example).

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Fruits

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Simple fruit
•Simple fruit – develops from a single ovary of
a single flower.
•Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when
mature

Simple fleshy fruit

1. Berry
2. Hesperidium
3. Drupe
4. Pepo
5. Pome

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 Aggregate Fruit
 Aggregate Fruit develops from one flower
with many separate pistils/carpels, all
ripening simultaneously
 Examples: strawberry, raspberries,
blackberries

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 C. Multiple fruit
 Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of
several flowers borne/fused together on
the same stalk
 For example: pineapple

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How Fruits Form

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Plant Parts – Fruit
Pomes

Cones

Acorns
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Plant Parts – Fruit

Drupes Samara Capsules

Brambles 20
Simple fleshy fruit
 1. Berry
 2. Hesperidium
 3. Drupe
 4. Pepo
 5. Pome

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 Simple fleshy fruit
 1. Berry – entire fruit wall is
soft and fleshy at maturity.
Inside is slimy.
 For example, grapes, tomato,
etc.

 2. Hesperidium is a berry
with tough, leathery rind (peel)
 Examples: oranges, lemons,
other citrus.
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 Simple fleshy fruit: drupe
 3. Drupe type – outer part of fruit wall is
soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and
stony
 For example: cherry, plum, peach, and
apricot

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 Simple fleshy fruit: pepo
 4. Pepo – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher
outer rind
 All member of the squash family: pumpkin,
melons, cucumbers

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 Simple fleshy fruit: pome
 5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes
develops from the enlarged base of the
perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused
with the ovary wall
 Pomes include apple, and pear

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 Simple dry fruit: capsule
 Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at
maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at
maturity include: capsules and legumes
 Capsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits
open along several seams
 Example: Cotton

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Simple dry fruit: Legumes

 Legumes are dry at maturity and split open

along two seams
 Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanut

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 Simple dry fruits
 Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at
maturity include
 Caryopsis: seed coat is fused
to the ovary wall (cereal grains
like wheat, corn, barley, rice)

 Nuts: single-ovary wall and

seed coat remain separate,
ovary wall is very hard
(chestnut, walnut, acorn)
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Dry Fruit Types

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Fleshy fruit types

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 Dry Fruit Types
Name Characteristics Examples

Follicle Dehiscent; from single carpel that splits down one Columbine, milkweed
side at maturity.

Legume Dehiscent; like follicles, but split down both sides. Pea family (Fabaceae)

Silique Dehiscent; from two fused carpels; at maturity the Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
sides split off, leaving seeds attached to persistent
central portion.

Capsule Dehiscent; from compound ovary with either Poppy family (Papaveraceae)
superior or inferior ovary

Achene Indehiscent; small single-seeded fruit, seed lies free Buttercup family
in the cavity except for attachment by funiculus (Ranunculaceae), buckwheat
(stalk of the ovule). family (Polygonaceae)

Samara Indehiscent; winged achenes. Elm, ash

Caryopsis Indehiscent; achene-like fruit of grasses; seed coat Grass family (Poaceae)
firmly united to fruit wall.

Cypsela Indehiscent; achene-like, complex; derived from Sunflower family (Asteraceae)

inferior ovary.

Nut Indehiscent; achene-like, with stony fruit wall and Acorn, hazelnut, pecan
derived from compound ovary.

Schizocarp Indehiscent; splits at maturity into two or more one- Parsely family (Apiaceae), maples
seeded portions. (Aceraceae), some others. 31
SEED
 A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a
covering called the seed coat, usually with some
stored food.
 It is the product of the ripened ovule of
gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which
occurs after fertilization.
 The formation of the seed completes the process
of reproduction in seed plants (started with the
development of flower and pollination), with the
embryo developed from the zygote and the seed
coat from the integuments of the ovule.
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 Seed completes the prosess of reproduction
initiated in the flower, and it always consists of
an embryo surrounded by seed coats.

 Double fertilization involves

a. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei to form
a zigote nucleus, and
b. fusion of polar nuclei with second
sperm nucleus to form a primary
endosperm nucleus

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Ovule
develops
into seed

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Seed includes three basic
parts:
 (1) an embryo,
 (2) a supply of nutrients for the
embryo,
 (3) a seed coat.

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How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the

flower makes pollen.

stamen

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How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the

flower makes pollen.
Plants need pollen from a
different flower to make
stamen seeds.

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How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the

flower makes pollen.
Plants need pollen from a
different flower to make
stamen seeds. When the flower
is pollinated the seeds
start to grow.

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How are seeds made?

Some flowers need

insects to pollinate
them.

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How are seeds made?

Some flowers need

insects to pollinate
them. The pollen
sticks to bees or
insects.

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How are seeds made?

Some flowers need

insects to pollinate
them. The pollen
sticks to bees or
insects. The pollen is
taken to other flowers.

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How are seeds made?
Some flowers need insects to
pollinate them. The pollen
sticks to bees or insects. The
pollen is taken to other
flowers.
Plants like grass and trees do
not have bright petals.

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How are seeds made?
Some flowers need insects to
pollinate them. The pollen
sticks to bees or insects. The
pollen is taken to other
flowers.
Plants like grass and trees do
not have bright petals. Their
pollen is blown by the wind.
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Parthenocarpy

 Parthenocarpy: production of fruit

without fertilization i.e. pineapple,
navel orange, seedless grape.

 Auxins, a plant hormone, or

synthetically derived growth
substances can be applied to
encourage parthenocarpy. From
the first page, we saw how genetic
manipulation can be used to also
produce such fruit.

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Angiosperm Embryo
Development

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 Epigeous
In epigeous (or epigeal) germination, the hypocotyl
elongates and forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing
the cotyledons and apical meristem through the soil.
Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and pulls the
cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the
air. Beans and papaya are examples of plant that
germinate this way

Hypogeous
Another way of germination is hypogeous (or hypogeal)
where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this
type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground
where they eventually decompose. Peas, for example,
germinate this way
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Dormancy
 Many live seeds have dormancy, meaning they will not
germinate even if they have water and it is warm enough
for the seedling to grow.

 Dormancy is broken or ended by a number of different

conditions. Environmental factors like light, temperature,
fire, ingestion by animals and others are conditions that
can end seed dormancy.

 Internally seeds can be dormant because of plant

hormones such as absciscic acid, which affects seed
dormancy and prevents germination, while the
production and application of the hormone gibberellin
can break dormancy and induces seed germination

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Seed Dispersal
 Wind
 The plant itself - Tumbleweed
 Water
 Animals
 Storage
 Ingestion, external transport (hooks - barbs)
 Explosions (dehiscence)

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Seed Dispersal
• The wind blows the plant and the seeds
fall out.
• The fruit breaks open. The seeds fall.
• Some seeds have parachutes. The
wind blows the seeds away.
• Some seeds have wings. They fly
through the air for a long way.

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Seed Dispersal
Animals help disperse
some seeds.

Fleshy fruits eaten and

dispersed with feces

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Seed Dispersal
 Importance of:
 Colonization
 Survival of species
 Wildlife preservation
 Community structure (assemblages of
plants and animals)
 Global climate
 Environmental quality
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