UPRM Center

Rafael Aramis López

LEAD TEACHER
 UPRM Center

QuarkNet is a teacher
professional development
program funded by the
National Science
Foundation and the US
Department of Energy.
 UPRM Center

QuarkNet brings high school

students and teachers to the
frontier of 21st century
research that seeks to
research some of the mysteries
about the structure of matter
and the fundamental forces of
nature.
 UPRM Center

• Physicists mentor collaborate

with high school teachers.
•Teachers join research teams
with physicists at a local
university or laboratory.
•Students learn fundamental
physics as they analyze live
online data and participate in
inquiry-oriented investigations.
UPRM Center

Nosotros

Active QuarkNet Centers

Nosotros

Active QuarkNet Centers

QuarkNet centers are connected
to high-energy physics experiments
operating at CERN in Switzerland,
at Fermilab in Illinois, at SLAC in
Califormia and others. Within two
years, we expect to form 60
centers associated with research
groups at universities and labs
across the U.S.
People have long asked,

"Of what is the world made?"

and
"What holds it together?"

The word "fundamental" is key here.

By fundamental building blocks we mean objects that
are simple and structureless - not made of anything
smaller.
 The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for
the earliest attempts to describe the microstructure
of our Universe

• All substances were made of a basic

kind of matter called hulè.

• Matter is continuous and is made of

different combinations of 4 things:
earth, fire, air, and water.

• Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned

Democritus
the idea that atoms moved through
empty space.
 The ancient Greeks (@400 B.C.) are recognized for
the earliest attempts to describe the microstructure
of our Universe

• Matter is made up of tiny individual

• All substances
particles were made of a basic
he named atomos. kind of matter called hulè.

• Atomos could not be created, •destroyed

Matter is or
continuous and is made of
further divided. different combinations of 4 things:
earth, fire, air, and water.
• Matter is also composed of empty space
through which atoms moved. • Aristotle’s major criticisms concerned
Democritus
the idea that atoms moved through
empty space.
 HOT MOIST

DRY COLD

ARISTOTLE’S MATTER CONCEPT

DEMOCRITUS’ MATTER CONCEPT
 ANTOINE LAVOISIER
The father of the chemistry

Considered as the
predecessor of the modern
chemistry, there realized
one of the most important
discoveries of this one
science, the Law of the
Conservation of the Mass.
 4.3.Atoms
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atoms
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offrom those
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Dalton's Atomic Theory

 DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
In 1897, Joseph John Thompson discovered the first
component partof the atom: the electron, a particle with
a negative electric charge. In 1904, he proposed an
initial model of an atom, since nicknamed "Thompsons
pudding". He imagined the atom as a sphere full of an
electrically positive substance mixed with negative
electron "like the raisins in a cake".
J.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray Tube
 DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS
Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom is mostly
empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus
surrounded by negative electrons The electron in an
atom moves around this nucleus like planets around the
Sun; which is where we get the name
“The atomic planetary model". .
 BOHRS ATOM
In 1913 Niels Bohr created a new model of the atom:
The orbits of the electrons can't be just anywhere but
are "quantified"; only certain particular orbits are
permitted for the electron.
 DISCOVERY OF NUCLEONS
Rutherford understood that the nucleus is itself
composed of nucleons. These nucleons are of two types:
•positively charged, it's a proton.
•neutrally charged, it's a neutron
The neutron was discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick.
 The Charge-Cloud Model

The charge-cloud model,

which is also called the
quantum-mechanical
model, does not attempt
to describe the path of
each electron in a fixed
orbit. Scientists now
describe the possible
positions of electrons in
terms of probability.
Are the Nucleons Fundamental?
Physicists have discovered
that protons and neutrons
are composed of even
smaller particles called
quarks.

As far as we know, quarks

are like points in geometry.
They're not made up of
anything else.
If the protons and neutrons were a centimeter in diameter; Then
the electrons and quarks would be less than the diameter of a
hair; and The entire atom's diameter would be greater than the
length of 30 football fields! 99.99% of the atom is empty space

THE MODERN ATOM MODEL

Physicists have developed a theory called The
Standard Model that explains what the world is
and what holds it together. It is a simple and
comprehensive theory that explains all the
hundreds of particles and complex interactions
with only: •6 quarks.
•6 leptons. The best-known lepton is the electron.
•Force carrier particles, like the photon.

THE STANDARD MODEL

The Universe is made of Quarks and Leptons

Everything from galaxies to mountains to

molecules is made from quarks and leptons.

Quarks behave differently than leptons, and

for each kind of matter particle there is a
corresponding antimatter particle.
 Matter and Antimatter

For every type of matter particle we've found, there

also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or
antiparticle.
Antiparticles look and behave just like their
corresponding matter particles, except they have
opposite charges.
Quarks are one type of
matter particle. Most of
the matter we see around
us is made from protons
and neutrons, which are
composed of quarks.
 BARYONS
qqq

+ + = 1 +
electric
charge

THE PROTON
 BARYONS
qqq

+ + = 0
electric
charge

THE NEUTRON
 MESONS
qq

anti

+ = 1 +
electric
charge

THE PION ( π+)

 ANTIBARYONS
qqq

anti anti anti

+ + = 1 -
electric
charge

THE ANTIPROTON
There are six leptons, three of which have electrical charge
and three of which do not. They appear to be point-like
particles without internal structure. The best known lepton
is the electron.The other leptons are the three types of
neutrinos. They have no electrical charge, very little mass.

LEPTONS
Periodic Table of Elements
 What Powers the Sun?
Its Source of Energy

The Sun is a big thermonuclear reactor that

Gravitational
Chemical Contraction?
Reaction?
works by converting hydrogen into helium.
 The Sun’s Interior

The Core, at about 15,000,000 K, is the

source of the Sun’s energy.
The site of the thermonuclear fusion.
 Its Source of Energy

Thermonuclear Fusion Reaction

4 1H --> 4He + energy

Energy Produced = 0.007(mass of 4 1H)c2

Solar Energy Production

To get the positively-charged nuclei to

fuse together, their electrical repulsion
must be overcome.
Solar Energy Production

1 2

3 4
 Mass to Energy!

One
We helium
can nucleus hasthe
calculate 99.3% of theof
amount weight of four
energy hydrogen
create from nuclei.
the
The creation of each helium nucleus
This excess of 0.7% of hydrogen mass requires four hydrogen nuclei.
excess of mass by using E=mc2. compared with helium mass is
converted into energy.
 Solar Energy Production
The net result is
6 1H + 2 e --> 4He + 2 1H + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons
or

4 1H + 2 e --> 4He + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons

The net energy release is 26 MeV!

Ice Under Fire: Alaska
Alaska's glaciers are receding at twice the rate previously thought, according
to a new study published in the July 19, 2002 Science journal. These two
images show Portage Glacier, near Anchorage, Alaska, in 1914 and in 2004.
The ice has pulled back nearly out of sight.