Lecture 1

Description of Process
PROCESS

Characteristics of a Process :
Different processes have different characteristics. But, broadly speaking,
there are certain characteristics features those are more or less common to
most of the processes. They are:
(i) The mathematical model of the process is nonlinear in nature.
(ii) The process model contains the disturbance input
(iii) The process model contains the time delay term.

Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

2
transfer unit operations
PROCESS

3 Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

transfer unit operations
PROCESS

SISO(Single Input Single Output) MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output)

4 Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

transfer unit operations
PROCESS

Time Delay
This time delay term is often referred as “transportation lag”, since it is
generated due to the delay in transportation of the output to the measuring
point. The presence and effect of time delay can be easily explained with an
example of a simple heat exchanger, as shown in Figure,

5 Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

transfer unit operations
ISA Symbols

• Introduction
Instruments on drawings which show the location and function of different
devices are represented by standard symbols i.e.(Instrument Society of
America) Symbols
• Line Symbols:
• Transmission lines which link different instruments are shown as,

6 Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

transfer unit operations
ISA Symbols

• Instrument Symbols:
Instruments are identified by circles with lettered codes (two or three letters)
inserted. This lettered code shows the instrument type and function.

Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

7
transfer unit operations
ISA Symbols

• To distinguish control room mounted instruments from local or field

mounted instruments, a horizontal line across the diameter of the circle is
used.

ISA Symbols and the Instruments they Represent.

Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

8
transfer unit operations
ISA Symbols

Example
A level loop consists of:
• Field Mounted:
Level transmitter
Level indicator
• Control Room Panel Mounted:
Level controller
Level recorder
High level alarm
Low level alarm
• The level transmitter is connected directly to the tank and the rest of the
instruments are driven by the level transmitter and used to monitor and
indicate the level in a tank.
• draw a representative flow sheet using ISA symbols

9 Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

transfer unit operations
ISA Symbols

Solution: ISA Symbols Representation of a level Loop

Lecture 1 – Control System for Heat

10
transfer unit operations