Internet of Things

Dr.P.Yogesh
Associate Professor
DIST CEG Campus
Anna University Chennai
 Introduction
• Internet of Objects
• Next evolution of the Internet
• Gather, analyze and distribute the data
• Data  Information  Knowledge  Wisdom
• Objectives
– To close the gap between poor and rich
– To improve distribution of the world’s resources to
those who need them most
– To understand our planet so we can be more
proactive and less reactive
Data into Wisdom

Important
 Challenges and Stakeholders
• Major challenges
– Transition to IPv6
– Having a common set of standards
– Developing energy sources for millions—even
billions—of minute sensors
• Stakeholders in realizing IoT
– Businesses
– Governments
– Standards bodies
– Academia
 Birth of IoT
• IoT is simply the point in time when more
“things or objects” were connected to the
Internet than people.
– Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group
(IBSG)
IBSG’s Projection
• IoT didn’t yet exist in 2003 because the
number of connected things was relatively
small
• Reason  Ubiquitous devices such as
smartphones were just being introduced
• Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO, didn’t unveil the
iPhone until January 9, 2007 at the
Macworld conference
• In January 2009, a team of researchers in China
studied Internet routing data in six-month
intervals, from December 2001 to December
2006
• Similar to the properties of Moore’s Law, their
findings showed that the Internet doubles in size
every 5.32 years
• IBSG’s predictions are based on
– The number of devices connected to the Internet in
2003 (500 million, as determined by Forrester
Research)
– The world population according to the U.S. Census
 Major Initiatives
• Cisco IBSG estimates IoT was “born”
sometime between 2008 and 2009
• Major ongoing initiatives
– Planetary Skin
– Smart Grid
– Intelligent vehicles
– Central Nervous System for the Earth
(CeNSE)
 Prediction about IoT

“With a trillion sensors embedded in the environment—

all connected by computing systems, software, and
services—it will be possible to hear the heartbeat of the
Earth, impacting human interaction with the globe as
profoundly as the Internet has revolutionized
communication.”
Peter Hartwell
Senior Researcher, HP Labs
 Prediction about Mobile Phone

"When wireless is perfectly applied the whole earth

will be converted into a huge brain, which in fact it is,
all things being particles of a real and rhythmic
whole.........and the instruments through which we
shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple
compared with our present telephone. A man will be
able to carry one in his vest pocket.“
Nikola Tesla
In an interview with Colliers magazine in 1926
Network of Networks
• Currently, IoT is made up of a loose collection of
disparate, purpose-built networks
– Modern cars, have multiple networks to control engine function,
safety features, communications systems, and so on
– Commercial and residential buildings also have various control
systems for heating, venting, and air conditioning (HVAC);
telephone service; security; and lighting
• As IoT evolves, these networks, and many others, will
be connected with added security, analytics, and
management capabilities
• This will allow IoT to become even more powerful in
what it can help people achieve.
IoT – A Typical Scenario
 The Internet Vs WWW
• The Internet
– Refers to the physical network, a network of
networks that spans the entire globe
– Made up of end systems, wired and wireless
media, bridges, switches, routers and
communication software
• World Wide Web
– One of the services provided by the Internet
– The most populous service
 Evolution of the Web
• Stage 1
– First was the research phase, when the web was called the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
– During this time, the web was primarily used by academia for
research purposes (text based browsers like gopher etc)
• Stage 2
– The second phase of the web can be coined “brochureware.”
– Characterized by the domain name “gold rush,” this stage
focused on the need for almost every company to share
information on the Internet so that people could learn about
products and services
– Web 1 (Browsers with GUI like IE, NN etc)
• Stage 3
– The third evolution moved the web from static data to transactional
information, where products and services could be bought and sold, and
services could be delivered.
– During this phase, companies like eBay and Amazon.com exploded on
the scene. This phase also will be infamously remembered as the “dot-
com” boom and bust
– Web 2
• Stage 4
– The fourth stage, where we are now, is the “social” or “experience” web,
where companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Groupon have become
immensely popular and profitable (a notable distinction from the third
stage of the web) by allowing people to communicate, connect, and
share information (text, photos, and video) about themselves with
friends, family, and colleagues
• Web 3 – Semantic Web
 Evolution of the Internet
• Steady path of the development and
improvement takes place
• But the basic purpose remains the same
(i.e., the purpose during the ARPANET
days)
• IoT is the first evolution of the Internet
 Changes in the Internet after
IoT
• The Internet is expanding into places that
until now have been unreachable
• Patients are ingesting Internet devices into
their own bodies to help doctors diagnose
and determine the causes of certain
diseases
• Extremely small sensors can be placed on
plants, animals, and geologic features,
and connected to the Internet
 Holy Cow
• A special report in The Economist titled
“Augmented Business” described how cows will
be monitored
• Dutch start-up company, implants sensors in the
ears of cattle
• This allows farmers to monitor cows’ health and
track their movements, ensuring a healthier,
more plentiful supply of meat for people to
consume
• On average, each cow generates about 200
megabytes of information a year
 Mumbai: A Tale of Two Cities
• Dharavi (the poorest neighborhood in Mumbai)
to Warden Road (the better side of the city just
blocks away)
• The amount people from Dharavi pay for
municipal-grade water is $1.12 per cubic meter
• This compares to $0.03 for residents of Warden
Road
• The injustice is clear: the poor people of Mumbai
pay 37 times more for water (a basic human
necessity)
• IoT, because of its ubiquitous sensors and
connected systems, will provide authorities with
more information and control in order to identify
and fix these problems
• This will allow utilities to operate more profitably,
giving them extra incentive to improve
infrastructures in poorer neighborhoods
• More efficiency will also allow for lower prices,
which, in turn, will encourage those taking
services for free to become paying customers
Better Quality of Life for Elderly
• The world’s population is aging
• In fact, approximately 1 billion people age
65 and older will be classified as having
reached “non-working age” by the middle
of the century
• IoT can significantly improve quality of life
for the surging number of elderly people
• Imagine a small, wearable device that can
detect a person’s vital signs and send an
alert to a healthcare professional when a
certain threshold has been reached, or
sense when a person has fallen down and
can’t get up
Gartner’s Hype Cycle of
Emerging Technologies
Google’s Search Results for
WSN, IoT and UC
 Enabling Technologies
• RFID
• WSN
• Addressing Schemes
• Data Storage and Analytics
• Visualization
 RFID
• A major breakthrough in the embedded communication
paradigm
• Enables design of microchips for wireless data
communication
• Helps in the automatic identification of anything it is
attached to acting as an electronic barcode
• The passive RFID tags are not battery powered
– They use the power of the reader’s interrogation signal to
communicate the ID to the RFID reader
– They are widely used in many applications particularly in retail
and supply chain management
– Currently being used in many bank cards and road roll tags
• Active RFID readers have their own
battery supply and can instantiate the
communication
– Port containers for monitoring cargo
• RFID is nearly the same as the lower end
WSN nodes with limited processing
capability and storage
• The Internet of Things was conceived in
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1998
• It was believed that RFID tags could be made so
cheaply that they could be fitted to trillions of
items, even printed directly onto them like most
barcodes today
• Human frailty intervened in the form of
committees writing specifications of military
complexity for a host of "nice-if" features, this
making the tags more expensive than necessary
 WSN
• Hardware Node (Mote)
• Contains
– Sensor interfaces
– Processing units
– Transceiver units and
– Power supply
– Multiple A/D converters for sensor interfacing and
more modern sensor
– Modern nodes have the ability to communicate using
one frequency band
• Communication Stack
– Design of an appropriate topology
– Routing and MAC layer
– Both the above impact scalability and
longevity
– Multi hop communication is used for the
communication among themselves as well as
to the sink
– Sink node should be able to act as the
gateway to the Internet
• Middleware
– Refers to software and tools that can help hide the
complexity and heterogeneity of the underlying
hardware and network platforms
– Eases the management of system resources, and
increases the predictability of application executions
– WSN middleware provides the desired services for
sensing-based pervasive computing applications that
make use of a WSN and the related embedded OS or
firmware of the sensor nodes
• Middleware
– Provides appropriate system abstractions
• Hence the application programmer can focus on the application
logic without caring too much about the lower level implementation
details
– Provides reusable code services, such as code update, and data
services, such as data filtering
• Hence the application programmer can deploy and execute the
application without being troubled with complex and tedious
functions
– Helps the programmer in network infrastructure management
and adaptation by providing efficient resource services, e.g.,
power management
– It also supports system integration, monitoring, as well as system
security
• Middleware
– SensorWare  Code management
– Agila  Code management
– MiLAN  Resource management and
resource discovery
– SINA  Data management
– TinaDB  Data management and resource
management
– AutoSec  Service Discovery and Resource
Management
• Secure Data Aggregation
– Required for extending the lifetime of the
network as well as ensuring reliable data
collected from sensors
– Node failures are common in WSNs, the
network topology should have the capability to
heal itself
– Ensuring security is critical as the system is
automatically linked to actuators and
protecting the systems from intruders
 Addressing
• Every element that is already connected and
going to be connected should be uniquely
identified
• IPv4 can identify only groups of sensor nodes
and RFIDs and not individual devices
• IPv6 may eliminate identification problem to
some extent but not completely
– Heterogeneous wireless nodes
– Different data types
– Concurrent operations and confluence of data from
devices
• Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a possible
solution
• URN creates replicas of the resources that can
be accessed through URLs
• Spatial data plays a major role in IoT 
metadata should be effectively used to transfer
information from database to user via the
Internet
• Lightweight IPv6 is a solution to uniquely identify
the home appliances
• Relevant gateways that can handle URNs are
required
 Data and Storage Analytics
• IoT involves unprecedented amount of data
• Storage, expiry and ownership of data becomes
important (5% of the total energy generated is
required for this)
• Centralized data centres that run on harvested
energy can increase the reliability
• Centralized or distributed AI techniques are
required for smart monitoring and actuation
• Novel fusion algorithms are needed to make
sense of the data collected
• State-of-the-art non-linear, temporal machine
learning methods are required
• ML methods may be based on
– Evolutionary algorithms
– Genetic algorithms
– Neural networks
– and other AI techniques
• ML methods play a major role in automated
decision making
 Visualization
• Touch screen technologies
• Smart tablets and phones
• Migration from 2D to 3D screens
 Application Domains
• Personal and home
• Enterprise
• Utilities
• Mobile
• Applications
– Smart transportation systems
– Smart cities
– Pollution control
– Natural hazards monitoring
– Sustainable consumption
IoT with Cloud Computing at the
Centre
End to End Interaction in Cloud
Centric IoT
IoT Reference Architecture
according to GISFI
Global ICT
Standardisation
Forum for India
(GISFI)
 IoT in GISFI’s Perspective
• Dynamic global network infrastructure
– Has self-configuring capabilities
– Links physical and virtual objects
– Data capturing techniques and standard & inter-
operable communication protocols
• Major focus
– To develop reference architectures and specifications
for protocols
– To develop APIs for enabling IoT services which have
potential for mass deployment
 Possible Application Domains
• Personal health monitoring
• Agriculture
• Food supply chain
• Smart metering
• Public safety
• Transportation
 Challenges in Indian Context
• Supporting scalable cost-effective IoT services
to cater for the geographical, cultural and socio
economic diversity of India
• Supporting non-uniform, unreliable infrastructure
networks for IoT backhaul connectivity
• Supporting the large number of devices and
applications which have different capabilities
and sophistication level
• Robustness against impact of high device
density and dynamics on the network
infrastructure
 Technical Challenges
• Robust end-to-end data transport protocol
• Flexible but efficient data exchange
protocols
• Energy efficient communications
• Negotiable security and privacy
• Self configuration
 Work Plan
• To implement the proposed reference
architecture
• To perform a requirement and gap
analysis with respect to specific vertical
applications
• To develop specific proposals and
subsequently specifications for addressing
those gaps
References
1. Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu
Palaniswamia, ‘Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and
Future Directions’, Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(2013), 1645-1660,
Elsevier Press
2. Kaivan Karimi, Gary Atkinson, ‘What the Internet of Things (IoT) needs to
become a reality’, white paper
3. Dave Evans, ‘The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is
Changing Everything’, Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (CIBSG), April
2011, white paper
Thank You! Q & A
yogesh@annauniv.edu