NOVEL ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY CROP

IMPROVEMENT APPROACHES
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(BIO-FORTIFICATION AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY)

Major adviser- Submitted by-

Dr. Harmeet Singh Janeja Hemant (11811691)
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WHY CROP IMPROVEMENT ??

1.Yield Improvement
2.Quality enhancement
3.Sustainable agriculture
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WHY YIELD IMPROVEMENT?
POPULATION GROWTH
ESTIMATION
1.Ever-rising human and 12
9.8
11.2 2019
2030
2050

livestock population 10
8.6 2100

POPULATION (BILLION)
7.7
8

2.Generating better 6

income for farmers 4

3.Reducing Hunger
2

0
Gowth/year
AXIS TITLE
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WHY QUALITY ENHANCEMENT ?

1.Standard of living
2.Health conscious
3.Quality food
4.Hidden hunger
5.Malnutrition
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WHY QUALITY ENHANCEMENT ?

Percentage of population with micronutrient deficiencies

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WHY SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ?
1. Nutrients for future generation
2. Save environment
3. Save energy
4. Protects and conserves water
With Breeding manipulation, can
1. Improve Nitrogen uptake from soil
2. Modify plant architecture to improve water use efficiency
3. Increased photosynthetic activity
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WHY BIO FORTIFIED CROPS??

• An idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value,

can be done either through conventional breeding, or through genetic engineering
1. Reduced cost
2. Easy availability
3. Adequate absorption
4. Sustainable
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
S No CROP QUALTIY METHOD
1 Rice Fe, Zn, Pro-vitamin A , Conventional, Genetic
Protein engineering, Landraces
2 Wheat Fe, Zn, Protein, Low Conventional, Genetic
phytate engineering
3 Maize Fe, Zn, Protein, Low Conventional, Genetic
phytate engineering
4 Sorghum Fe, Zn Conventional
5 Pearl millet Fe, Zn Conventional
6 Sweet potato β-carotene, Vitamin A Introduction
7 Cassava Zn, Fe, Vitamin A Genetically modified
8 Potato Essential amino acids Genetic engineering
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CROP IMPROVEMENT APPROACHES
Tissue
Culture

Mutation
Conventional breeding

breeding
Bio-fortification

Genetic
Engineering Molecular breeding
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CROP IMPROVEMENT APPROACHES
The progress is classified in
• Earlier-era (before 1990)
I. Conventional methods (Pedigree, bulk, RSS, hybrids etc.)
• Mid-era (1990-2015)
I. Genetic engineering
II. Tissue culture
• Modern-era (2015 onwards)
I. Genome editing
II.Nanotechnology
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CONVENTIONAL-ERA(EARLIER)
Bio-fortified wheat
1. Use of wild relatives and land races
2. Through selection of HPYT (HarvestPlus Yield Trial)
3. Zn 42.0 ppm
4. Fe 40.0 ppm
Bio-fortified Maize
1. Develop opaque-2 inbreed line (opaque-2 mutant gene)
2. First QPM variety Shakti-1(Composite) 1997 (DMR New Delhi)
3. 0.63% tryptophan
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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,2018
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• Harvest Plus Yield Trial(HPYT)

Pedigree (T.dicoccon CI9309/Ae.squarrosa
(409)/3/MILAN/S87230//BAV92/4/2*MILAN/S87230 //BAV92)
• 3rd HPYT consisting of 50 genotypes
• 49 test genotypes (including WB 2)
• one local high yielding check variety DPW 621-50
• Selection method used : Pedigree
• Quality trait improve : Iron and Zinc
• Disease resistance (free from yellow and brown rust)
• Yield (average yield of 50.5q/ha )
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DISCUSSION & RESULT

 Bio-tech Era (1990-2010) 18

Bio-fortification
• Maize
Pusa HM8 Improved (Lysine 4.18% Tryptophan 1.06%) Hybrid
Pusa HM9 Improved (Lysine 2.97% Tryptophan 0.68%) Hybrid
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CASE STUDY

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 96, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2009

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 MID ERA 22

TRAIT MODIFICATION
• Plant architecture modifications: enable plants to resist adverse
environmental conditions. The shape, distribution, and consistency of plant
roots and leaves can be designed to better catch and retain water in times of
extreme drought.
Reduced fertilizer use
a. Nitrogen use efficiency technology
b. Engineering cereal crops to fix their own nitrogen
Crop adaptation to water use efficiency
a. Minimizing water loss from agriculture
b. Improving drought tolerance
 Increased photosynthetic activity
Case study 23
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1. wild type,
2. OsNAS1 (overexpression line)
3. OsNAS2 (overexpression line)
4. OsNAS3 (overexpression line)
• Fe and Zn concentrations are positively
correlated with nicotian amine (NA)
concentration
• Elemental analyses of rice grain
a. Liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry
b. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy

Indirect gene transfer method (Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1)

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• Overexpression lines OsNAS2, OsNAS3

• Bio-fortification in Rice
 MODERN-ERA (2015 ONWARDS) 26

GENOME EDITING

• Genome-editing is tools that enable the precise and efficient

targeted modification of an organism's genome.
• Genome-editing have been utilized for
• Characterize gene functions
1. Yield
2. Quality
3. Disease etc.
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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BIO FORTIFIED CROPS
RESEARCH & RELEASED
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CASE STUDY
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GENOMICS-ERA (2010 ONWARDS) 33

NANOTECHNOLOGY
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HOW IT WORKS?
1. Nano-particles(10-100 nm or less) penetrate rigid plant
cell walls
2. Deliver DNA and chemicals with precise control
3. Triggers gene/chemical expression at will
4. Nanotechnology resulted significant breakthrough in
delivering specific gene into plant cells
5. More than one gene at the same time(even belongs to two
biogenic species) can be delivered into a plant cell in a
single event.
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APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

1.One/ Multiple gene delivery

2.Controlled gene expiration at will
3.Study of gene function
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CASE STUDY
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APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Phosphorous (P) is a limiting factor due to low mobilization, solubility
in the soil
• Zn acts as a cofactor for P-solubilizing
• Bio-synthesized ZnO nano-particle
• Phosphatase, phytase and nano-ZnO increased activity by 84% - 108%
• Resultant Phosphorus uptake in mung bean increased 10.8% as well as
1. Stem height
2. Root volume
3. Chlorophyll contents
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Nanoparticles effect on plants Phenology Plant P uptake

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Nanoparticles effect on chlorophyll and

Accumulation of Zn in leaf, stem, root and seeds
protein content in the leaves
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Thank You!
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