A PROJECT ON SMOKING

WHAT IS SMOKING?
 Smoking is a practice in which a
substance, most commonly tobacco,
is burned and the smoke tasted or
inhaled.
 This is primarily practiced as a route
of administration for recreational
drug use, as combustion releases the
active substances in drugs such as
nicotine and makes them available
for absorption through the lungs.
 It can also be done as a part of
rituals, to induce trances and
spiritual enlightenment.
 The most common method of
smoking today is through cigarettes,
primarily industrially manufactured
but also hand-rolled from loose
tobacco and rolling paper. Other
smoking tools includes pipes,
cigars, hookahs and bongs.
CIGARETTE
 A cigarette (French "small cigar",
from cigar + -ette) is a small roll of
finely-cut tobacco leaves wrapped in
a cylinder of thin paper for smoking.
 The cigarette is ignited at one end
and allowed to smoulder; its smoke
is inhaled from the other end, which
is held in the mouth.
 The term cigarette, as commonly
used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but
can apply to similar devices
containing other herbs, such as
cannabis(also known as marijuana).
 A cigarette is distinguished from a
cigar by its smaller size, use of
processed leaf, and paper wrapping,
which is normally white, though
other colors are available. Cigars are
typically composed entirely of
whole-leaf tobacco.
A BRIEF HISTORY
OF SMOKING
 It is thought that tobacco growing
started in the region of Central
America around 6000 BC.
 It wasn't until 5000 years later,
around 1000 BC that the Mayan
civilization began to chew and
smoke the leaves of the tobacco
plant, as well as mix the leaves
together with herbs and plants and
administer the mixture to the
wounds of the sick.
 As the Mayans dispersed and
populated different areas, such as
North and South America, they
took with them their precious
tobacco leaves and plants.
 Hundreds of years later during the
time of some of the world's
greatest European explorers,
tobacco was discovered and later
brought back to the new world.
 Aztec women are handed
flowers and smoking tubes
before eating at a banquet,
1500s….

A Persian girl smoking

by , 1600s…..
 Columbus was probably the first European to see
tobacco leaves although he did not smoke them
himself.

 A fellow explorer, Rodrigo de Jerez, shortly after,

landed in Cuba and observed some of the inhabitants
smoking the tobacco leaves. He then proceeded to
partake in the smoking act himself.

 On his return to Spain, laden with heaps of tobacco,

Jerez startled his fellow countrymen by smoking in
front of them. Never in their lives had they seen a
man with smoke coming out of his mouth and nose.
People thought that he was possessed by the devil
and members of the Spanish Inquisition imprisoned
him for several years. During his imprisonment,
smoking actually became quite popular in Spain.

 In the 1530's a number of Europeans saw the

potential money making in tobacco and they decided
to cash in and make their wealth from the cultivation
of this popular plant. They began to colonize areas
of the Caribbean and established large tobacco
growing areas, from which they exported all the
tobacco back to Europe.
 It is said that Sir Francis Drake was the first man to
bring back a consignment of tobacco into the UK in
1573, although Sir Walter Raleigh later went on to
make tobacco smoking popular in the court of Queen
Elizabeth I.
 During the year 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh embarked
on a trip to the Americas where he met Ralph Lane,
who at the time was Governor of Virginia. Lane
introduced Raleigh to the pleasures of smoking a clay
pipe, which was popular there in that era.
 A year later a number of colonists who had
previously left England to settle in Virginia, returned
to their homeland and introduced the fashion of
smoking clay pipes into English society. Over the
years many English families travelled to Virginia to
settle in order to try and make a wealthy living from
growing tobacco in the plantations there.
 At the beginning of the 17th Century, tobacco was
just starting to be regularly imported into the UK,
with amounts of 25,000 pounds being shipped from
the Americas. By the turn of the century this amount
had increased to a figure nearing 38 million pounds
and the competitive marketing and tobacco
production on a large scale began to get und erway.
 With the introduction of cigarette making
machines, which at the time produced
about 200 cigarettes a minute, the tobacco
industry began to grow and grow.
As cigarettes were now being mass-
produced, they became more easily
available and affordable to a wider range
of people.

 At first it was mainly the soldiers who

were fighting in the wars who became Bonsack's cigarette rolling
machine, as shown on U.S.
hooked on smoking. Sometimes with long patent 238,640.
periods of inactivity, the soldiers became
low in morale, so they were given
cigarettes to smoke in order to keep up
their spirits.

 At the start of the Second World War,

American president Roosevelt made
tobacco a protected crop. There were
shortages of tobacco in America and
England, as packets and packets of
cigarettes were sent to the troops fighting
in the war.
OBJECTIVE OF OUR PROJECT

To see whether the two samples taken at

random from two areas from professional
area (Salt Lake) and educational area
(College Street) are significant or
insignificant in nature with respect to
“having smoking habit” is concerned.
Frequency table & corresponding graph
for different parameters considered for the
survey of two samples:
Parameter (1):- expenditure
For male:

Expenditure Male

Below 10 13

10 - 20 23

20 - 30 8

30 - 40 5

Above 50 6
For female:

Expenditure Female

Below 10 14

10 - 20 8

20 - 30 6

30 - 40 4

Above 50 2
Parameter (1):- Age
For male:

Age Male

Below 20 2

20 - 30 43

30 - 45 9

45 - 60 1

Above 60 0
For female

Age Female

Below 20 1

20 - 30 26

30 - 45 2

45 - 60 4

Above 60 0
WHY SMOKING ?
WHY?
Reasons of smoking Frequency

Stress relief 23

Enjoyment/personal autonomy 30

Habit 19

Fashion & status 12

Others 5
The smoking begins…….
AGE FRQUENCY

10 - 15 10

15-20 62

20-25 15

25-30 2
 RANK CORRELATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PARAMETER
EXPENDITURE

Expenditure Male (X) Rank(R1) Female (Y) Rank (R2) D = ( R 1 - R2 ) D2

Below 10 13 2 14 1 1 1
10 - 20 23 1 8 2 1 1
20 - 30 8 3 6 3 0 0
30 - 40 5 5 4 4 1 1
Above 50 6 4 2 5 1 1
∑D2 = 4

6 ∑D2
R= 1-
N (N2 -1)
6x4
R= 1-
5(5-1)

R= 0.8
 RANK CORRELATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PARAMETER AGE

Age Male (X) Rank(R1) Female (Y) Rank (R2) D = ( R 1 - R2 ) D2

Below 20 2 3 1 4 1 1
20 - 30 43 1 26 1 0 0
30 - 45 9 2 2 3 1 1
45 - 60 1 4 4 2 2 4
Above 60 0 5 0 5 0 0
∑D2 = 6

6 ∑D2
R= 1-
N (N2 -1)

6x6
R= 1-
5(5-1)

R= 0.7
 ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY

Hypothesis Testing:
“Is there any significant difference between two places at professional area (Salt Lake)
& educational area (College Street) regarding smoking habit at 5% level of
significance is concerned. “

Let, P1 & P2 are two proportion of smoker at Salt Lake & College Street respectively.
Let, H0: P1 = P2 (i.e. there is no significant difference between two places as per smoking
habits.)
H1: P1 ≠ P2 (i.e. there is significant difference between two places as per smoking
habits.)
The value of test statistics is:
Z = P1 - P2 / {pq (1/n1 + 1/n2)} 1/2
(1)
Where p = (n1 p1 + n2 p2) / (n1 + n2)
q = (1-p)
Here, P1 => proportion of smoker in professional area (Salt Lake) 44/50
P2 => proportion of smoker in educational area (College Street) 45/50
Therefore; p = (44 + 45) / (50 + 50) = 89/100 = 0.89
q = 1- 0.89 = 0.11
n1 = 50, n2 = 50
(1) = Z = 44/50 – 45/50 X {0.89 X 0.11 X (1/50 + 1/50)} 1/2
= 0.88 – 0.9 X {0.0979 X 0.04}1/2
= -0.02 X 0.06257
= -0.00125
|Z| = 0.00125
Results:-
Computed value of Z = |Z| = 0.00125
Level of significance = 5%
Critical value of Z at 5% level of significance = ± 1.96
 
Decision:-
As computed value of Z is less than critical value of Z at 5% level of
significance . Hence ,we accept null hypothesis.
 
Conclusion:-
Hence we can conclude that there is no significant difference between two
places as per smoking habit is concerned.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to……….

 Allour team members

 Ms. Gitanjali Hajra
 Mr. Sudipto De