In-Text Citations

A citation is the way you tell

your readers that an
information in your work came
from another source.
 Verb Format
Citations Mandal (2010) explains that
may every child inherits genes from
both his/her biological parents.
be
(p. 34)
written
in
Non-verb Format
According to Mandal (2010),
two every child inherits genes from
ways. both his/her biological parents
(p. 34).
Verb Format
Author’s Year of Verb Information Page Number
Last Name Publication

Mandal (2010) explains that every child

inherits genes from both his/her biological
parents. (p. 34)
Non-Verb Format
Version 1:
According to Mandal (2010), every child
inherits genes from both his/her biological
parents (p. 34).

Version 2:
Every child inherits genes from both his/her
biological parents. (Mandal, 2010, p. 34)
Some considerations
One author
(Field, 2005)
Two authors
(Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Three authors
(Tremblay, Richer & Lachance, 2010)
More than three authors
(Tremblay et al., 2010)
Some considerations
No date
(Field, n.d.)

No page numbers
This only applies to virtual references, to
references that are really not paged.
Exercise 1. Identify the format used in the following
citations.
1. Since the turn of the millennium, new strains of deadly viruses have
emerged and quickly spread around the world. (Lu, 2017, p. 12)
2. Uy (2011) observed an outbreak of SARS coronavirus in 2003, and
a much larger H1N1 "swine flu" pandemic in 2009. (p. 17)
3. Juan (2015) noted that other viruses seem poised and ready to
spread. (p.10)
4. According to Sebio (2013), Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever has sprung
up in several towns in West Africa, while MERS coronavirus has
been found in people and camels in the Middle East. (p. 19)
5. During the last decade, H5N1 "bird flu" has been killing massive
numbers of wild and domestic birds each year, and in some cases
it has been able to spread from birds to people. (Reyes, 2016, p.
34)
Exercise 2. Edit the format errors in the following
citations.
1. Viruses are chunks of genetic information—either DNA or
RNA—wrapped in proteins and sometimes covered with a
membrane. (Bernardo 2017 p. 13)
2. Saddul and Basilio 2012 said that viruses cannot make
more of themselves: to reproduce, they rely on the cells
they infect.
3. According to Sendin, viruses have proteins on their
surfaces that act like keys.
4. The proteins attach to receptors on a cell, providing a way
for the virus to get in. (Sy, Gonzales, Tapiru, Lazaga, 2017 )
5. When released from the cell, the new viruses attack other
cells and continue the infection. (Lee, Lu, Li)
Exercise 2. ANSWERS
1. Viruses are chunks of genetic information—either DNA or
RNA—wrapped in proteins and sometimes covered with a
membrane. (Bernardo, 2017, p. 13)
2. Saddul and Basilio (2012) said that viruses cannot make
more of themselves: to reproduce, they rely on the cells
they infect.
3. According to Sendin (n.d.), viruses have proteins on their
surfaces that act like keys.
4. The proteins attach to receptors on a cell, providing a way
for the virus to get in. (Sy et al., 2017)
5. When released from the cell, the new viruses attack other
cells and continue the infection. (Lee, Lu and Li, n.d.)
 Argue Verbs
The These are verbs that advance, claim
or maintain a strong position.
Verb
Think Verbs
Format These are verbs that express feelings,
requires perceptions, and beliefs.
appropriate
use of Find and Show Verbs
reporting These are verbs concerned with
indicating a fact, or with coming to
verbs.
know.
 Argue Verbs
The Example: argue, suggest, point out,
claim, maintain, propose, imply
Verb
Think Verbs
Format Example: think, assume, hold, believe,
requires feel, note, hope, understand
appropriate
use of Find and Show Verbs
reporting Example: show, demonstrate, reveal,
verbs. observe, discover, indicate, find
 Argue Verbs
The These verbs apply to argumentative
and persuasive texts.
Verb
Think Verbs
Format These verbs apply to narrative and
requires descriptive texts.
appropriate
use of Find and Show Verbs
reporting These verbs apply to expository,
verbs. narrative and descriptive texts.
Exercise 3. Tell whether each piece of information should
be reported using argue, think or find and show verbs.

1. European politics, philosophy, science and communications were

radically reoriented in the 18th century as part of a movement
called the “Enlightenment”. (Donald, 2015, p.34)
2. Thinkers of this time questioned traditional authority and
embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through
rational change. (Que, 1990, p. 20)
3. “Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason.” (Kant,
1784)
4. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions,
scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. (Tirol, 1999)
5. “The American and French peoples seem to have been inspired
by Enlightenment ideals, and so they advanced their own
revolutions.” (Guzman, 2000, p. 12)
Exercise 3. ANSWERS

Find and 1. European politics, philosophy, science and communications

Show were radically reoriented in the 18th century as part of a
movement called the “Enlightenment”. (Donald, 2015, p.34)
Argue 2. “Thinkers needed to question traditional authority because
they believe that humanity could be improved through
rational change.” (Que, 1990, p. 20)
Argue 3. “Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason.”
(Kant, 1784)
Find and 4. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays,
Show inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.
(Tirol, 1999)
Think 5. “The American and French peoples seem to have been
inspired by Enlightenment ideals, and so they advanced their
own revolutions.” (Guzman, 2000, p. 12)
HOW TO CITE USING VERB FORMAT
Coming from the review,
PS4 is the clear winner for
giving a more user-friendly
environment for gaming.
Not that Xbox One is a
terrible option, but rather, its
design is not oriented for
gaming as it should be
although the choice is
entirely subjective.
Jordan A. (2015 Aug-Sept). Play Station 4 vs
Xbox One. The Lazette, 6
Identify the kind of text.
Argumentative (Counterclaim on
the idea that Xbox One is user-
friendly)
Paraphrase the information.
PS4 is more gamer-friendly than
Xbox One.
Write the citation.
Jordan (2015) claims that PS4 is more
gamer-friendly than Xbox One. (p. 6)
Exercise 4. Paraphrase the following information and write
its citation in verb format.
1. European politics, philosophy, science and communications were
radically reoriented in the 18th century as part of a movement
called the “Enlightenment”. (Donald, 2015, p.34)
2. Thinkers of this time questioned traditional authority and
embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through
rational change. (Que, 1990, p. 20)
3. “Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason.” (Kant,
1784)
4. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions,
scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. (Tirol, 1999)
5. “The American and French peoples seem to have been inspired
by Enlightenment ideals, and so they advanced their own
revolutions.” (Guzman, 2000, p. 12)