1st and 2nd Term QUESTION BANK – 2020-21

BIOLOGY
STD VII

CH-1 TOPIC –TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Review questions
I.CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER-
1. Diffusion occurs when molecules move-
i) from lower concentration to higher concentration.
ii) from higher concentration to lower concentration through a membrane.
iii) from higher concentration to lower concentration .
iv) when energy is used
2. Ascent of sap in plants takes place through –
i) Cortex
ii) Epidermis
iii) Xylem
iv) Phloem
3. If the xylem vessels of a plant are plugged-
i) the leaves will turn yellow
ii) No food will be made
iii) The plant will wilt (shrivel)
iv) The plant will continue to grow.
4. Force responsible for ascent of sap is-
i) Capillary force
ii) Root pressure
iii) Transpirational pull
iv) All the three

5. Raisins swell when put in –

i) Rain water
ii) Saline water
iii) Mustard oil
iv) saturated sugar solution
6. The root hairs are suited for absorbing water from the soil because-
i) They have a large surface area
ii) They have a semi permeable membrane
iii) They contain a solution of higher concentration than the surrounding water
iv) All the three
7. Transpiration is defined as-
i) The rise of water up to the stem of a plant
ii) The elimination of water with dissolved water products.
iii) The loss of water as water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant
iv)The loss of water as water vapour from the roots as well as the leaves of the plant
8. Which one of the following favours the fastest transpiration rate?
i) A cool, humid, windy day
ii) A hot, humid, windy day
iii) A hot, humid, still day
iv) A hot, dry, windy day

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.An Experiment was set up as shown in the figure.

After some time, the water level in the test tube A fell down but not in the test tube B. Why was there a
fall in the water level of test tube A and not in that of test tube B?
Ans.AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-To show that roots absorb water.
Test tube A-Water level decreases because the roots absorb water.
Test tube B-Water level remains unchanged because there is no plant.
Use of oil-Prevents evaporation.
Test tube B acts as a control set up.

2. How are roots useful to the plants? Give any 2 points.

A. i) Fixes the plant to the soil
ii) Absorbs water and minerals from the soil

3 What do Xylems carry?

A .Xylem carries water and minerals.

4. Name the plant tissue which helps in carrying the food to different parts of a plant.
A. The plant tissue which carries the food to different parts of a plant is Phloem.

5. Define
1. Semi-permeable membrane-It is a membrane which allows only certain substances (water molecules)
to pass through it, but prevents the entry of any larger molecules.
2. Osmosis-It is the movement of water molecules from its region of higher concentration through a
semi permeable membrane to the region of its lower concentration.

6. Under what conditions do a plant transpire

(a)More quickly-On a hot , dry, windy day.
(b)Most slowly-Cold , humid and when the air is still.

7. Given alongside is an enlarged diagram of a part of the root.

Draw arrows on the diagram to show the movement of water
passing through different parts.

Ans. Soil water→Root hair →Cells of cortex →Endodermis→Xylem.

8.Why is the structure of a root hair considered for absorbing water from the soil?
Ans.The structure of a root hair is considered for absorbing water from the soil because

(i)The numerous root hairs provide a large surface area .More the surface area , greater is the
absorption.
(ii)Root hair contains cell sap which is of higher concentration than the surrounding soil water.
(iii)Cell wall is freely permeable.
(iv)Cell membrane is semi permeable.

9. Briefly explain , how transpiration helps in the upward conduction of water in plants?
Ans.Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant.

As a result of transpiration, a suction force is created in the xylem vessel. This force causes the water to
be filled up from the xylem in the roots to the stem and then to the leaves. This pulling force is called
the transpirational pull.

10. How does temperature ,light intensity and wind affect transpiration?
A. 1) TEMPERATURE- Transpiration is faster on hot summer days due to faster evaporation of water.
2) LIGHT INTENSITY- During day time the rate of transpiration is faster as the stomata remain open to
allow the inward diffusion of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. During night time, the stomata remain
closed and hence transpiration hardly occurs.
3) WIND-Transpiration is more when the wind is blowing faster as water vapour moves away faster
from the surface of the leaves.

11. The set up shown was kept in sunlight for an hour. It was observed that drops of water appeared
on the inner surface of the polythene bag.
1)Name the process which is being demonstrated.
AThe process which is being demonstrated is Transpiration.

2)Why was the pot with its soil left uncovered by the polythene bag?
A.The soil was left uncovered by the polythene bag because it did not have any impact on the
experiment as the plant was covered with a polythene bag with its mouth tied at the base of the stem.

3)Why was the pot left in sunlight?

A. The pot was left in sunlight because sunlight is a factor which affects the rate of transpiration. When
the intensity of sunlight increases , the rate of transpiration also increases.

4) Suppose that the pot in this experiment was placed inside a dark room instead of placing it in
sunlight for sometime. What difference would be noticed?
A. Very few water droplets would be found clinging to the inner surface of the polythene bag since the
rate of transpiration would be drastically lowered when kept in a dark room.
12. State whether the following statements are true or false .Rewrite the false statements correctly.
(i)Water absorption mainly occurs through the root hair-True.
(ii)Water enters the root hair by osmosis-True.
(iii)Water absorbed by the roots reaches the leaves and is used in producing food for the entire plant-
True.
(iv) A semi permeable membrane allows larger molecules to pass through, but prevents the smaller
ones-False.
CORRECT STATEMENT-A semi permeable membrane allows smaller molecules to pass through ,but
prevents the larger ones.
(v)Transpiration cools the plant when it is hot outside-True
(vi)Transpiration is the loss of water from the roots of the plant –False.
CORRECT STATEMENT-Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant.

13.FILL IN THE BLANKS-

I) Transpiration in plants is carried out by a conducting system.
II) The upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals is called ascent of sap.
III) Transpiration is more when the wind is blowing fast.
IV) More water gets evaporated from the plant from the leaves.
V) Transpiration is reduced if the air is humid.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Draw a magnified view of a root hair and describe how it helps in the absorption of water from the
soil.

The root hair helps in absorption of water from the soil as the cell sap of the hair cell is at a higher
concentration than the surrounding soil water. Because of this difference in concentration, osmosis
occurs and this enables the root hair to absorb water from the soil.

2.How does transpiration help the roots absorb water and minerals from the soil?
A.When transpiration occurs the water column in the xylem vessel does not break but get stretched on
account of forces of cohesion and adhesion .This develops a suction force and pulls the water and
minerals upwards along the xylem vessels.

3. Define the three processes by which plants absorb water and minerals from the soil.
1)OSMOSIS – It is the movement of water molecules from its region of higher concentration through a
semi permeable membrane to the region of its lower concentration.
2)DIFFUSION- It is the movement of molecules –gas,liquid or solid from higher concentration to lower
concentration.
3)ACTIVE TRANSPORT-The movement of molecules from their lower concentration to a higher
concentration requires energy and is called active transport.

4. How the water absorbed by the roots is important for the plants?
A.The water absorbed by the roots is important for the plants in three main ways-
(i). TRANSPORTATION-The water in the plant body both in xylem and phloem ,transports substances in a
solution form from one part to another.
(ii)FOOD PRODUCTION- Water is required for photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen.
(iii)COOLING-The heat utilized when water is transpired from the surface of leaves in the form of water
vapour induces a cooling effect.

5. Name the factors that affect the rate of transpiration.

A. 1.SUNLIGHT-During daytime the rate of transpiration is faster.
2. TEMPERATURE-More the temperature, faster the transpiration.
3. WIND- Faster the wind, more the transpiration.
4. HUMIDITY- More the humidity less is the transpiration.

6. Name two ways in which transpiration helps the plants.

Ans.- 1) COOLING EFFECT- In transpiration, water gets evaporated from the plant. The heat required for
this evaporation is obtained from the plant itself and thus the plant is able to cool itself, when it is hot
outside.
2) Transpiration helps in maintaining the concentration of sap inside the plant body.

7. Describe an experiment to show that the plant loses water through its leaves.
Ans.
Aim of the experiment: To show that the plants lose water through leaves.
Materials required: Potted plant with few branches, polythene bags, rubber bands.
Method:
i) Take one small sized, well watered potted plant having a few branches.
ii) Place a polythene bag over its one branch (Branch-A).
iii) Tie it with a rubber band.
iv) Remove all the leaves from another branch of the same plant (Branch-B)
v) Cover this branch with a polythene bag.
vi) Tie it with a rubber band.
vii) Place the plant in sun light for 4 – 6 hours.
OBSERVATION: After 4 – 6 hours, it is observed that few water drops have appeared on the inner
surface of the polythene bag over Branch-A, While no water drops have appeared on the Branch-B.

CONCLUSION: From this experiment we conclude that most of the water gets evaporated from the plant
through its leaves.
8. Name the minerals whose deficiency cause diseases in plants. Give the symptoms of each
deficiency.

Minerals Role in the Plant Symptoms

Macro Nutrients
Nitrogen Major constituent of all proteins Yellowing of leaves, wrinkling of
cereal grains.
Phosphorus Constituent of cell membrane and Purple and red spots on leaves,
certain proteins. delay in seed germination.
Potassium More abundant in growing tissues, Poor growth with reduced rate
involved in the opening and closing of transpiration.
of stomata.
Micro Nutrients
Iron Constituent of some proteins. Yellowing of leaves.

Manganese Constituents of some enzymes Yellowing of leaves, with grey

spots.
Zinc Constituents of Plant hormones, De shaped leaves, yellowing of
activates enzymes. leaves, stunted plant growth.

9. List out the difference between xylem and phloem ?

XYLEM PHLOEM
Conducts water and mineral salts from the roots Translocates food from the leaves to the storage
to the aerial parts of the plant. organs and growing parts of the plant.

Made up of tracheids, vessels, Xylem Made up of sieve tubes, companion cells,

parenchyma and xylem fibres. phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
Conducting cells (vessels and tracheids) are Conducting cells(sieve tubes) are living.
dead.
Conduction is unidirectional. Conduction is bidirectional.

Conduction does not require any expenditure of Conduction requires expenditure of energy.
energy.
10. Write the structure and the function of the following cells of Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem Cells Structure Function
Xylem Tracheids Elongated dead cells with i) Provide mechanical strength and
tapering ends. support to the plant.
ii) Helps in upward conduction of
water and minerals.
Xylem Vessels Short cylindrical tube like i) Mechanical support.
structure placed end to end. ii) Conduction of water and minerals
upwards.
Xylem Parenchyma Small, thick walled living cells. i)Store food
ii) Conduction of water and minerals
upwards.
Xylem Fibres Thick walled, long, narrow, dead i) Mechanical support.
cells with tapering ends.
Phloem Cells Structure Function
Sieve tubes Elongated cylindrical cells with i) Downward conduction of food
Perforated sieve plates, devoid from leaves to different parts of
of nucleus. plant.
Companion Cells Living, Thin walled, elongated i)Conduction of food.
cells.
Phloem Parenchyma Thin walled living cells. i) Store food.
Phloem fibres Thick walled, elongated, dead i) Mechanical strength and support
sclerenchyma cells. to the plant.

11. Define ascent of Sap?

Ans. Upward movement of water and minerals along the xylem vessel is called ascent of sap.

Second Term
CHAPTER-2: TOPIC –REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Review Questions:
1.Choose the correct answer.
i) Pollen is produced in the
a) Filament b) Style c) Pistil d) Anther

ii) Reproductive whorls of a flower are

a)Stamen and carpel b) Sepals and petals c) Sepals and stamens d) Petals and carpels

iii) Grafting is a method of

a) Artificial vegetative propagation b) Sexual reproduction
c) Artificial pollination d) Cross pollination
Short Answer Questions
1. Write two ways in which pollination may occur in plants.
Ans. a) Self pollination
b) Cross pollination
2. Name three agents of pollination.
Ans. Insects, wind and water.

3. Give two features of flowers which favour pollination by insects.

Ans. i) The flowers are large with coloured petals to attract insects.
ii) They are scented.

4. Give two characteristics of flowers in which pollination occurs by wind.

Ans. i) They generally have long anthers protruding out of the flower so that the pollen grains may be
blown off easily.
ii) The pollen grains are light so that they are easily carried away.

5. What is a “false fruit”? Give one example.

Ans. When a fruit develops from any part of the flower except the ovary, it is called a ‘false fruit’.
Example: Apple.

6. Name any three agencies for dispersal of seeds.

Ans. Wind, water, animals.

7. Fill in the blanks.

a) A flower that bears both the male and the female parts is known as bisexual flower.
b) A flower bearing only male or female part is known as Unisexual flower.
c) Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to stigma is known as pollination.
d) Fusion of male cell with the female cell is called fertilisation.
e) The Ovule develops into a seed.
f) The Ovary of the flower develops into a fruit.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS-

1. What is vegetative reproduction?
A. It is the process of producing new plants from the vegetative parts(roots,stems,leaves).

2. Explain why a gardener prefers to grow certain plants vegetatively.

A. A gardener prefers to grow certain plants vegetatively because-
a) Process is faster and takes place in a shorter time.
b) Process is cheaper.
c) It is more certain and surer method of propagation.
d) The parental characteristics are preserved in the offsprings by this method.

3. Why is it disadvantageous to grow plants vegetatively?

A. Disadvantages of growing plants vegetatively are-
i)Defective characters are not eliminated.
ii)Might lead to overcrowding around the parent plant.
iii)Diseases are not eliminated.
4. What is meant by pollination? Explain the structure of germinating pollen grain with the help of a
labelled diagram.
A. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

*The matured pollen grain lands on the stigma , absorbs moisture from stigma surface and germinate to
form a pollen tube.
*The pollen tube passes through the entire length of the style.
*As it grows ,the tube nucleus lies at the tip of the pollen tube and helps in its elongation.
*The generative nucleus divides to form two male nuclei.
*The pollen tube carrying the male nuclei reach the micropyle.
*The tube nucleus disintegrates and two male nuclei enter or reach the embryo sac.
*One male nucleus fuses with the egg cell to form zygote and the other male nucleus fuses with two
polar nuclei to form endosperm.

5. Imagine all the seeds produced by a plant happens to fall under the same plant and sprout into new
plants. Mention any two problems that will be faced by the new plants.
A. If all the seeds produced by a plant happens to fall under the same plant and sprout into new plants
then it may lead to over crowding around the parent plant leading to competition amongst the seedlings
for space, nutrients, water and sunlight which would lead to the deficiency of certain main components
which would result in its death.

6. What is a flower?
A.A flower is the reproductive part of a plant.

7. Write short notes on-

a)MICROPROPAGATION-
It is the propagation of plants by tissue culture technique.
*A small portion of the shoot tip or any other is suitable part is taken. This is called explant.
*It is sterilized to prevent microbial growth.
*It is kept in a culture medium containing agar agar nutrients which induce cell division.
*It forms a mass of undifferentiated , unorganised cells called callus.
*The callus is transferred to another culture medium containing agar agar nutrients.
*Small roots and shoots will appear which transforms into many small plantlets.
*The plantlets are then transplanted to the main field and we obtain numerous plants with desirable
characteristics.
Eg-Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum.

b)BRYOPHYLLUM-
Leaves of bryophyllum produce buds in the notches in the margins. When such leaves fall in moist soil,
their buds in the margins begin to grow as young tiny plants.

c) GRAFTING-
This is carried out by taking two varieties of the same species of plants.
*One remains rooted to the soil and is normally wild variety but it is pest resistant, frost resistant, cold
or heat resistant and has greater photosynthesis ability. This is known as stock. A twig or a bud is taken
from a plant with desirable characteristics. This is known as scion.
*The scion is fixed on the stock in such a way that the cambium layers are in contact .The joint is sealed
and taped. It is observed that after some days the scion becomes a part of the stock and the plant bears
superior quality fruits and flowers.

8. How is artificial pollination useful to breeders?

Ans. Artificial pollination helps in obtaining plants which has greater adaptability to various
environmental conditions an bear supreme quality fruits and flowers. It provides rapid propagation of
identical identities. It can be applied to inter specific hybrids. It is very useful in cases where seeds are
very dormant. The embryo in these seeds can be cultured and micropropagation.

9. With the help of suitable diagrams, describe

a) Binary fission in plants- In this method, the nucleus splits or divides into two and then the cell splits
across the middle, forming two small identical cells called the daughter cells.
Example- Paramecium, euglena, bacteria.
b) Budding in yeast cell- It occurs when conditions are favourable. The parent body gives an outgrowth
called bud which has the part of nucleus and some cytoplasm of the parent body. On maturity, the bud
might get detached from the body, or they may be attached to the parent body and form a chain of bud.

INSIDE QUESTIONS
i)Define reproduction.
Ans.- The process of producing young ones of the same kind to continue race/species.

ii) What are the benefits of plant tissue culture techniques?

Ans.- i) It provides rapid propagation of identical individuals.
ii) It can be applied to inter specific hybrids.
iii) It is very useful in cases where seeds are dormant.

iii) What are the limitations of tissue culture?

Ans. i) It requires a lot of scientific expertise.
ii) It cannot be applied to all cases.
iii) It is not easily applicable in remote agricultural areas.

iv) Name the four whorls of a flower?

Ans. Calyx, corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium.

v) What is self pollination?

Ans. It is the process of pollination that occurs either within the same flower or between two flowers on
the same plant.

vi) What is cross pollination?

Ans. It is the process of pollination which occurs between two flowers on different plants of the same
species.

vii) Define fertilisation?

Ans. It is the fusion of the male cell with the female cell to produce a zygote.
viii) What is the fate of floral parts after fertilisation?
Ans. Sepals – wither/persistant calyx
Petals- wither off
Stamen – wither off
Stigma and style – wither off
Ovary – fruit
Ovules – Seeds
Integuments – seed coat.

ix) Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the LS of a typical flower.

CHAPTER-3: TOPIC –REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

Review Questions.

1.Choose the correct answer.

i) The testes are located within the –
a) Penis b) Scrotum c) Ureter d) Urinary bladder

ii) Amoeba most commonly reproduces by –

a) Budding b) Regeneration c) Binary fission d) Multiple fission

iii) Identify the stage which is formed after the fertilisation of egg by the sperm.
a)Ovule b) Foetus c) Embryo d) Zygote.

iv) Internally, the uterus opens into –

a)Urethra b)Vagina c) Oviduct d) Vulva
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms-

a)Egg and Sperm-

EGG SPERM
1.Round in structure 1.Elongated in structure
2.Doesn’t have a tail 2.Has a tail
3.Produced by ovary 3.Produced by testes

b) Sexual reproduction and Asexual reproduction-

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. Two parents are involved. 1. One parent is involved.
2. Gametes are produced. 2. Gametes are not produced.
3. Fertilization occurs. 3. No fertilisation occurs.
4. Zygote is formed. 4. Zygote is not formed.
5. Variations are seen, so individuals are not 5. Variations are not seen, so individuals
replica of their parent. resemble the parent in every aspect.
6. Cell division - Meiosis 6. Cell division – Mitosis.

c) Budding and Regeneration –

BUDDING REGENERATION
1. It is a process in which buds grow outside the 1. It is a process by which plants regrow the
parent body. missing or lost parts of their body.
2. It mostly gets detached from the parent body. 2. It remains with the parent body.

2. Define the following terms-

a) Fertilization – The fusion of nucleus of sperm with nucleus of egg to produce a zygote is called
fertilization.

b) Implantation- The natural way of fixing of the embryo in the wall of the uterus is called implantation.

3. State the reason why testes lie outside the abdomen in a scrotum?
Ans. This is because the sperms for their maturation require a temperature which should be 2-3 ˚C less
than the normal body temperature.

4. Why is it important that a very large number of sperms should be present in the semen?
Ans.
 This is because many of them perish due to the acidic tract of the female.
 Many of them cannot reach the ovum against the gravity.
 Many of them enter into the oviduct without ovum.
Thus , to increase the chance of fertilization, a large number of sperms are released.
5. List the structures, in their correct sequence, through which the sperms must pass from the time
they are produced in the testes to the time they leave the urethra.
Ans. Testes → Epididymis → Sperm duct → Urethra.

6. State the functions of the following-

a) Ovary- Produce ova(female gamete) and hormones( oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin).
b) Testes – Produce sperms (Male gamete) and hormone (testosterone).
c) Fallopian tubes – Site of fertilization.
d) Uterus – Site of growth, development and nourishment of embryo.
e) Seminal Vesicles – The secretions activate the sperms, help in transportation and provide nutrition to
the sperms.

7. Given here is a section of the female reproductive system in humans.

a) Name the parts labelled 1 to 4.

Ans- 1- Ovary, 2- Oviduct, 3 – Uterus, 4- Vagina.

b) Name the part where fertilisation occurs in the female reproductive system.
Ans- Oviduct.

8. Given alongside in a diagram of the male reproductive system in humans. Label the parts indicated
by numbers 1 to 5 and state their functions.

Ans.
1) Seminal Vesicle
Function- The secretions activate the sperms, helps in their transportation and provide nutrition to the
sperms.
2) Prostate Gland
Function- It secretes an alkaline fluid which helps in neutralizing the acidic tract of the female.
3) Testes
Function – Produce sperms, secrete testosterone.
4) Urethra – Serves as a passage for both urine and semen.
5) Sperm duct- Carries the sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.

Long Answer Question

1. How does a single celled fertilized egg grow into an adult human body?
Ans.-Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube to form a zygote. The zygote divides and re divides
to form a mass of cells called embryo. The embryo descends into the uterus approximately seven days
after fertilisation and gets implanted in its inner wall for its further development. Differentiation of cells
occurs to form tissue, organs and organ systems. This results in the formation of a fully developed foetus
at the end of gestation period. Parturition occurs and the baby is expelled through the birth canal. It
passes through the stages of infancy, childhood and adolescence and adulthood.

Inside Questions.

1.Give example/examples of the organisms which reproduces through

a) Fission – Amoeba, Paramecium
b) Budding- Hydra
c) Regeneration- Hydra, Starfish, Planaria

2. What is the location and function of

a) Seminal Vesicle – It is located between the posterior surface of the urinary bladder and the rectum.
Function- Activates sperms, helps in transportation, provide nutrition to the sperms.
b) Prostate Gland - it is located below the urinary bladder surrounding the urethra.
Function- Secretes an alkaline fluid which helps in neutralizing the acidic tract of the female.
c) Cowper’s Gland / Bulbo-urethral gland – It is located below the prostate gland on either side of the
urethra.
Function- The secretion acts as a lubricant.
3. Define Semen-
Ans- It is a mixture of sperms and secretions from seminal vesicle, prostate and Cowper’s glands. It is a
milky fluid. Its average amount is 2 – 3 ml in a single ejaculation and contains 20,000,000- 40,000,000
sperms.

4. Define gestation –
Ans.- The full term of the development of embryo in the uterus is called gestation. In humans it lasts for
280 days.

5. Define Parturition –
Ans. – It is the expulsion of foetus to the birth canal after the completion of the gestation period.
6. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a sperm and an ovum, female reproductive system.

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CHAPTER-4: TOPIC –ECOSYSTEMS

Review Questions

Choose the correct answer-

1. The term “ecosystem” is derived from the Greek word Oikos meaning-
a)Body weight b)Food c)House d)Size

2. Rat in any food chain would occupy the position of.-

a)Tertiary consumer b)Secondary consumer c)Primary consumer d) Producer

3. Evergreen broad – leaves trees are characteristic of

a) Tropical rain forests.
b) Temperate deciduous forests.
c) Coniferous forests.
d) All of the above types of forests.

4. The number of steps in a food chain can never be more than

a) Four b) Five c) Six d) Seven

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Mention if the following are true or false.

a) Snakes are primary consumers. (False)
b) Some humans are strictly primary consumers while others are secondary or tertiary consumers as
well. (True)

c) No ecosystem can survive without light. (True)

2. Match the following-
i) Grass - Autotroph
ii) Deer - Primary consumer
iii) Cobra - Carnivore
iv) Vulture - Scavenger
v) Microbes - Decomposers

3. Rewrite the following in their correct sequence in a food chain.

a) Snake → Grasshopper→ Grass→ Frog
Ans. Grass →Grasshopper→ Frog→ Snake

b) Grass→ Tiger→ Deer

Ans. Grass→ Deer→ Tiger

c) Snake→ Peacock→ Rat→ Wheat

Ans. Wheat→ Rat→ Snake→ peacock

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate among primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. Give one example of each in a
food chain.
Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
1.The Organisms which feed on 1. The organisms which feed on 1. The organisms which feed on
producers primary consumers. primary and secondary
consumers.
2.They are herbivores 2.They are carnivores 2. They are carnivores

3. Example- Rat, Snail 3. Example- Bird, Cat 3. Example- Lion, Tiger

2. Define –
A) Flora- The plants naturally occurring in a particular area.
B) Fauna- The animals naturally living in an area.

3. List any three members each of the flora and fauna of tropical rain forests.
Ans. Three members of flora of tropical rain forests are bamboo, ferns and shrubs.
Three members of fauna of tropical rain forests are jungle cats, leopards and monkeys.

4. Define the following terms and give two examples in each case.
a) Autotrophs - The green plants which produce their own food through photosynthesis are called
autotrophs. Example – Tulsi and Mango Tree.

b) Consumers- The animals which feed on other plants and animals are called consumers.
Example – Deer and man.
c) Food Chain – It is the linear sequence of organisms in which each organism eats the lower member
and is itself eaten by next higher member.
Example –
Grass→ Deer→ Lion.
Grass→ Grasshopper→ frog→ Snake→ Kite.

d) Symbiosis – It is the mutual relationship between the organisms in which both the organisms are
benefitted. Example- Leguminous Plant – Rhizobium, Lichen.

e) Parasitism – it is the relationship in which an organism, which is a parasite, lives on or inside the body
of another organism, which is the host to derive the nourishment. Example: Ringworm, Hook worm.

f) Predation - Predation is an interaction in which, an organism, which is a carnivore, chases and kills the
prey for food. Example- Lion, Leopard.

Inside Question

1. What is an ecosystem?
Ans .An ecosystem is a self- contained area composed of all the different organisms living in it
interacting with each other, as well as interacting with the physical conditions, i.e-sunlight, air, water,
soil, climatic factors prevailing in the area.

2. What are the components of an ecosystem?

Ans. The components of an ecosystem are –
a ) Biotic Component- The living components. Example- Plants, animals, microorganisms.
b) Abiotic Component- The non-living components. Example- Sunlight, air, water, warmth, soil.

3. Differentiate between detritivores and decomposers.

Detritivores
1. They feed on detritus or decomposing plant
and animal parts as well as faeces.
2. Example- Earthworms, millipedes, slugs
Decomposers
1. They obtain nutrition by absorbing nutrients
that result from the breaking down of dead
organic matter.
2. Example- bacteria, fungi and protists.

4. Define food web?

Ans. It is a network of interconnecting food chains in a natural community of different organisms.

5. What are the advantages of food web?

Ans. 1. The food webs permit alternative foods.
2. These ensure a better chance of survival of an organism.
3. it provides more stability to an ecosystem.
 Endocrine System and Adolescence
REVIEW QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark () against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) Cortisone hormone is secretedby:

1. Medulla ofadrenal
2. Cortex ofadrenal
3. Pancreas
4. Thyroid

(b) Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breakdown

ofglycogen in the liver intoglucose:

1. Insulin
2. Adrenaline
3. Glucagon
4. Thyroxine

(c) Which one of the following hormones converts excess of

glucoseinto glycogen:

1. Glucagon
2. Thyroxine
3. Insulin
4. Adrenaline

(d) Which one of the following glands is also called mastergland:

1. Pituitarygland
2. Adrenalgland
3. Thyroidgland
4. Ovary

(e) The emergency hormone to face the danger or to fight is secretedby:

1. Islets ofLangerhans
2. Adrenalcortex
3. Pituitary
 4. Adrenal medulla

(f) Which one of the following endocrine glands produces its hormone
inlarge quantities as a result of emotionalstimulation?

1. Thyroid
2. Islets ofLangerhans
3. Adrenalmedulla
4. Adrenalcortex

Adrenal medulla produces its hormone in large quantities as a result of

emotional stimulation.

(g) In humans, increased thyroxine production results in (tick the

correctanswer):

1. Increased metabolism
2. Decreasedmetabolism
3. Dwarfism
4. Cretinism

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
What is a hormone?
Answer:
The secretions of the endocrine glands are called Hormones, which are poured
directly into the blood and are carried to the target organs.

Question 2.
In table given below, fill in the blanks by naming endocrine glands, the hormones
they secrete, and the function they perform, in a normal person.
Answer:

S.No. Name of the gland produced Function

1. Thyroid Thyroxine Control of metabolic rate
2. Pancreas Insulin Regulation of sugar in blood.
3. Adrenal Adrenaline and cortisone Preparing the body for action
4. Pituitary (i) Growthhormone (i) Forgrowth
(ii) Thyroidstimulating (ii) Stimulatesthyroidglandto
hormone secretethyroxine
Question 3.
Match the items in Column A with those in Column B. Column A Column B

Question 4.
Name the source and the function of each of the following hormones:

Hormone Source Function

(a) Glucagon
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Adrenaline
(d) Insulin
(e) Cortisone

Answer:

Hormone Source Function

(a) Glucagon Pancreas Breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Raises
sugar in the blood.
(b) Thyroxine Thyroid gland Control of metabolic rate
(c) Adrenaline Adrenal gland Preparethebodytofaceemergency,stress
(d) Insulin Pancreas Regulation of sugar in blood.
(e) Cortisone Adrenal cortex Regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Its
deficiency causes Addison‘s disease.
Question 5.
What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
Answer:
The salivary glands, pancreas, etc., are exocrine glands, they send their secretions
through ducts directly to the target organ.On the other hand, the endocrine glands
are ductless glands. Their secretions are called hormones, which are poured directly
into the blood and are thus carried to the target organs.

Question 6.
Why is pituitary gland called―master gland‖?
Answer:
The pituitary gland is called ―master gland‖ because it produces hormones that
control other glands and many body functions including growth (growth hormone,
Thyroid and Gonad stimulating hormone).

Question 7.
Briefly write about the importance of physical hygiene during adolescence.
Answer:
Physical hygiene also named as Personal hygiene plays a crucial role in maintaining
healthy during adolescence. The teenager should follow the below mentioned
activities to promote their health:

1. Proper and Safe Food: Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth anddevelopment.

Hence, a teenager should take proper care of their diet. They should take proper
balanced diet that provides protiens, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins.
They should take freshly prepared food and avoid stale food. They should take
milk, fruits and freshvegetables.
2. Proper life Style: Regular Exercise and sleep are necessary for maintaininggood
health. Teenager should avoid long hours of continous table work, television
watching. Teenager should not consume alcohol, drugs orsmoking.
3. Cleanliness: Teenager should take bath regularly. They should always washtheir
hands before and after having meals. Brushing up teeths after every meal. They
should always change and wear washed clothes especially undergarments.
Regular toilet habits should be adopted for maintaining good health. Teenager
must keep their feet cleaned and protected. Injuries due to bacteria like tetanus,
hookworms and insects may be issued if barefoot walk is undertaken. They must
wash and comb their hairs regularly. All body parts must be washed and cleaned
everyday. If cleanliness is not maintained there may occur chances of catching
bacterial infection. Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of
menstrualperiod.
4. Physical Exercise: Inorder to keep the body fit and healthy, teenager‘sshould
walk, exercise and play outdoor games regularly in fresh air. Playing Outdoor
games reduces the stress and strain ofadolescence.
Question 8.
Briefly discuss any four activities which can be practiced to overcome stress.
Answer:
Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain and in simple terms it is called as tension.
The stress can be controlled or reduced by following the below mentioned steps:

1. Yoga: It is a mind-body practice that combines physical poses,controlled

breathing, and meditation or relaxation. Yoga helps in reducing stepsby:
(a) IncreasingFlexibility
(b) Increasing muiscle strength andtone.
(c) Improving respiration, energy andvitality.
2. Exercise: Exercise or Running or Jogging for 30 to 45 minutes at leastthree
times a week reduce stress and keep‘s the body muchhealthier.
3. Proper sleep schedule: Improving your sleep schedule also helps in
reducingthe stress.
4. Reading is a great way to calm your mind and to gain moreknowledge.
5. Practice Hobbies of your interest: One should must keep practicing their
hobbies as it helps in reducing the stress. Enjoy playing guitar, painoorlistening
music or doingriddles.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Multiple choice questions. Tick () the correctchoice:

1. Chemical control in organisms is brought aboutby

1. enzymes
2. neurons
3. hormones
4. all theabove.

2. Master endocrinegland

1. thyroid
2. pituitary
3. pancreas
4. adrenal

3. The hormone thyroxine is secretedby

1. pituitarygland
2. adrenalgland
3. thyroidgland
4. pancreas
4. Insulin is secretedby

1. pancreas
2. pituitarygland
3. thyroidgland
4. adrenal gland

II. Fill in theblanks:

1. Hormones are produced by endocrineglands.

2. The master gland in the body is pituitaryglands.
3. Adrenal glands are present abovekidneys.
4. The hormone insulin is secreted bypancreas.
5. The hormone thyroxine is secreted by thyroidgland.
6. Blood pressure is controlled by the endorine gland called adrenalgland.

III. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F):

1. Hormones are secreted by ductlessglands.

True.
2. Forhormonestobeeffectiveintheiractions,theyarerequiredinsufficientlylarge
quantities.
False.For hormones to be effective in their actions, they ar-e required in
extremely small quantities.
3. The adrenal gland helps the body to fightstress.
True.

IV. Find the odd-one out, giving reason:

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, salivarygland
Answer:
Salivary gland is the odd-one out as it is not an endocrine gland. Rest three are
ductless endocrine glands.

V. Name thefollowing:

Question1.
Five endocrine glands found in human body.
Answer:

1. Pituitarygland.
2. Thyroidgland.
3. Parathyroidgland.
4. Adrenalgland.
5. Pancreas.
Question 2.
Master gland in human body.
Answer:
Pituitary gland.

VI. Define thefollowing:

1. Hormones
2. Endocrineglands

Answer:

1. Hormones: Hormones are chemical substances in living organisms which bring

about chemical coordination and are responsible for regulating growth and
development.
2. Endocrine glands: Endocrine glands are special organs which produce
hormones and pour them into the blood for chemical coordination in livingbeings.
They are ductlessglands.

VII. Answer the followingquestions:

Question 1.
Describe two characteristic features of hormones.
Answer:
Characteristics features of hormones are:

1. Hormones produce long term changes such as a child‘s growth andsexual

maturation.
2. Hormones adjust the amount of salt and water in the body tissues, sugar
inthe blood and salt in thesweat.
They are transported in blood.

Question 2.
Draw an outline figure of the human body and show the location of different endocrine
glands.

Answer:
Question 3.
What causes diabetes?
Answer:
Lack of insulin causes diabetes. The pancreas produce insulin but the body is not
able to use it. This causes excess glucose to build up in the blood causing diabetes.

Question 4.
Which gland secretes insulin?
Answer:
Pancreas.
Question 5.
What happens when the thyroid gland secretes less hormone?
Answer:
When the thyroid gland secretes less hormone, thyroid gland swells causing goitre.

VIII.

Question 1.
Given below is an outline of the human body. Draw and label on the diagram.

1. the gland that secretesinsulin.

2. the gland that produceadrenaline.

Answer:

Question 2.
Name the disease caused by failure of the gland to produce insulin.
Answer:
Diabetes.
Question 3.

Write the location of the following gland:

a. Thyroid b. Adrenal c. Pancreas d. Pituitary

A. a. Thyroid- On either side of the windpipe just below the pharynx.

b. Adrenal- Like a cap on top of the kidney.

c. Pancreas- Behind the stomach.

d. Pitu

itary-

Below

the

brain.

Questi

on 4.

Define the following term:

a. Adolescence b. Puberty

A. a) Adolescence- The period between 10-19 years of age in an individual’s life is

called adolescence. In this period the body undergoes development leading to
reproductive maturity.

b) Puberty- Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system of boys and girls
mature. The testes start making sperms, and ovaries start producing eggs.

Question 5.
Give reasons:

a. Adrenaline is called the fight or flight hormone.

A. Adrenaline hormone prepares the body to meet any emergency situation for ‘fight’ i.e to
face the danger or flee from asituation. Hence, adrenaline is called the fight or flight
hormone.

b. Many young people get acne and pimples on the face during adolescence.
 A. During adolescence, the secretion of sweat glands and sebaceous glands (oil glands)
increases. Due to their increased activity in the skin young people get acne and
pimples on the face.

The Circulatory System

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark () against the correct alternative in the followingstatements:

(a) The only artery which carries deoxygenated blood iscalled,

1. Hepaticartery
2. Pulmonaryartery
3. Aorta
4. Renalartery

(b) Pulmonary veincarries

1. Oxygenated blood
2. Deoxygenatedblood
3. Glucose-deficientblood
4. CO2 ladenblood

(c) Function of WBCs isto

1. Transportoxygen
2. Help in clotting ofblood
3. Provideimmunity
4. Provide storage offood.

(d) Blood Capillary isa

1. Broadtube
2. Artery with thickwall
3. Vein with largelumen
4. Narrow tube made up of endotheliumonly.
(e) Nucleus is absentin

1. RBCs
2. WBCs
3. All bloodcells
(f) Livercells.

Sphygmomanometer measures

1. Pulserate
2. Heartbeat
3. Bloodpressure
4. Brainactivity

(g) The blood tastes saltish due to the presence ofdissolved:

1. Sodiumchloride
2. Potassiumchloride
3. Ammoniumnitrate
4. Sodiumnitrate

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
1. Differentiate between the following pair of terms:
(a) Pulmonary artery and pulmonaryvein.
(b) Vena cava andaorta.
(c) Platelets andWBC.
(d) RBC and WBCAns.
Answer:
(a) Pulmonary artery and pulmonaryvein.

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

1. This involves circulation of blood from the heart to the 1. This involves circulation of blood to the heart from the
lungs. lungs.
2. It carries deoxygenated blood. 2. It carries oxygenated blood.

(b) Vena cava andAorta

Vena Cava Aorta

1. Vena Cava is a large vein. 1. Aorta is the large artery.
2.Itcarriesdeoxygenatedbloodfromtheupperandlower 2. It carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
parts of the body i.e. head andshoulders. through its branches.
 (c) Blood platelets and WBC.

Platelets WBC
1. WBC are colourless and lack
1. These are colourless, oval or round, cytoplasmic haemoglobin, larger in
quantity, and have distinct oval and lobed
fragments nucleus.
2. These play a major role in blood clotting. 2. They prevent body from disease causing germs by
providing immunity
3.Their lifespan is 3-5days and it is called
thrombocytes. 3. Their life span is short i.e. 5 to 20 days.

(d) RBC and WBC

RBC WBC
1. They do not have nucleus at maturity. 1. They have a large characteristic nucleus.
2. They possess haemoglobin and are red. 2. They are colourless as they have no pigment.
3. They help in transport of respiratory gases. 3. They help in defence mechanism.

Question 2.
Give any three differences between an artery and a vein:
Answer:
Following are the differences between the artery and a vein:

Artery
1.Arteriescarrybloodfromthehearttovariousbodyparts.
2. These carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary
artery).
3.Bloodflowswithhighspeedandunderhighpressure.
Vein
1.Veinscarrybloodfromdifferentbodypartstotheheart.
2.Thesecarrydeoxygenatedblood(exceptthepulmonary
vein).
3. Blood flows with low speed and under low pressure.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words given below:
Answer:
a. The two lower chambers of the heart are calledventricles.
b. The pulmonary artery takes the blood from the ventricles to thelungs.
c. The blood loaded with carbon dioxide from the body comes into
the right auricleof the heart.
d. The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes into the left ventricle of
theheart.
e. The oxygen-rich blood is pumped into different parts of the body
throughaorta.
f. The carbon dioxide loaded blood from right ventricle is
pumped into thelungs through pulmonaryartery.
g. The instrument used to find out the blood pressure is known
assphygmomanometer.
 h. The colour of a red blood cell is due tohaemoglobin.
i. The blood plasma contains a dissolved substance called fibrinogen.
j. The liquid part of coagulated blood is known asserum.
Question 4.
In which organ of our body does blood get oxygenated?
Answer:
Blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. The oxygenated blood is
returned to left verticles by the pulmonary vein.

Question 5.
Which side of the heart (left or right) contains oxygenated blood?
Answer:
The left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

Question 6.
What is the role of haemoglobin in the blood ?
Answer:
The haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment which is formed of the iron
containing part known as haemin and protein part known as globin. It helps to
transport respiratory gases (oxygen).

Question 7.
Name the disease in which the number of platelets reduces to 25,000 –
30,000 per cubic mm of blood. State its major symptoms.
Answer:
Dengue fever is one such disease in which the number of platelets get reduced
to as low as 25-30 thousands per cubic mm of blood. The major symptoms of
dengue are high fever, rashes or red spots on body, nausea or vomiting, pain
in abdomen, back, or back of the eyes and muscles.

Long Answer Questions:

Question 1.
Given alongside is a diagram of human heart showing its internal structures.
Label the parts marked 1 to 6, and answer the following questions.
 (a) Which type of blood is carried by the blood vessel marked2?
(b) Name the main artery which takes the blood from heart to different
parts ofthe body?
(c) Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from thebody?
Answer:

1. Left pulmonaryartery
2. Superior venacava
3. Left pulmonaryvein
4. Rightauricle
5. Left auricle
6. Leftventricle

(a) Deoxygentatedblood.
(b) Aortic arch(Aorta).
(c) RightAtrium

Question 2.
You can see some blood vessels on the outside of the hands specially in older
people. Are those veins or arteries ? How can you confirm your answer ?
Answer:
In older persons the skin becomes loose as the fat below becomes less with
age and the vessels passing through these areas especially on the outside of
the hands become prominent. These are veins as they flow superficially. The
veins are thin and less muscular. These carry the blood to the heart veins are
placed superficially so they are easily visible to the eye and are prominent.
The blood in the veins will be carrying CO2 and will have many substances
like sugar, amino acids, chemicals and bacteria.

Question 3.
Give the functions of lymph. Differentiate between Blood and the lymph.
Answer:
Functions of lymph are:

1. Nutritive: It supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where

bloodcannot reach.
2. Drainage: It drains away excess tissue fluid and metabolites and
returnsproteins to the blood from tissuespaces.
3. Absorption: It absorbs the fats from the intestine throughlymphatics.
4. Defence: Lymphocytes and monocytes of the lymph function to protect
thebody. The lymphatics also remove bacteria from thetissues.
Difference between Blood and Lymph

Lymph Blood
1. It contains blood plasma without blood proteins and 1.Itcontainsbloodplasmswithproteinsandallthreetypes
some RBC. blood cells namely RBC, WBC and bloodplatelets.
2.TheyarelightyellowincolouranddoesnotcontainRBC 2.Theyareredincolourduetopresenceofhaemoglobinin
andhaemoglobin. RBC,
3. It doesnot carry Oxygen. 3. It carries oxygen in the body.
4. It is the part of open circulatory system. 4. It is the part of closed circulatory system.

Question 4.
Name any two heart conditions that occur commonly. Briefly explain each of
them.
Answer:

1. Palpitations: Sometimes, one may experience the heart

beating too hard or too fast or sometimes even skipping a beat.
This can be frightening, but not seriousor harmful and often
this condition goes away on its own. Most of the time it is
caused by stress or anxiety. Sometimes certain types of food
may also cause palpitations.
In rare cases, palpitations may be an indication of a more serious
heart condition, specially if it is accompanied by shortness of
breath, dizziness or chest pain.
2. Hypertension: This is a condition that occurs in a person
when blood flows through the blood vessels with a force
greater than normal. This is also called High Blood
Pressure. Hypertension can strain the heart, damage
bloodvessels and increase the risk of a heart attack
orstroke.

Question 5.
During surgical operations or during accidents, the patient may be
given blood from outside to save his life. What is the technical name
of this process ? Briefly explain the precautions to be observed and
taken in this process.
Answer:
During surgical operation or an accident when excess of
bleeding takes place, the patient may be given blood from
outside to save his life.
The transfer of blood from the donor to the recipient is called blood transfusion.
The following precautions are taken before the blood is given to the needy
person:

1. Matching of the donor‘s blood with that of the recipient should bedone.
 2. It should be made sure clinically that blood of donor is free from
anyinfection.
3. Sterilization of all the instruments to be used during the operation ismust.

Question 6.
State briefly, the difference between white blood cells and the red blood cells.
Answer:
Difference between white blood cells and the red blood cells:

RBC
1. They do not have nucleus at maturity.
2. They possess haemoglobin and are red.
3. They help in transport of respiratory gases.
4. Life span is 120 days.
5. They are about 5 million/mm3 of blood.
6.IntheembryonicstagetheRBCareformedintheliver
andspleen.Butafterbirth,theyareformedintheredbone
marrow.
WBC
1. They have a large characteristic nucleus.
2. They are colourless as they have no pigment.
3. They help in defence mechanism.
4. WBC have a short life span of 5 to 20 days.
5. They are about 7000/ mm3 of blood.
6. WBC are formed in the red bone marrow.

Question 7.
Answer very briefly, the following:
(a) Red Blood cells have no nucleus, then why do we call themcells?
(b) Why is it necessary to know The blood groups of the donor as well as the
recipient?
(c) Why should the blood going away from the stomach and
intestines pass throughthe liver and not directly toheart?

(a)
RBC‘s are surrounded by semipermeable plasma membrane. It
contains homogenous cytoplasm and it is without the nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes and centrioles.
RBC‘s get advantage due to this condition. Corpuscles have more
space to hold haemoglobin. It can as well give more oxygen by the
haemoglobin to the tissue cells. So the enucleated condition is more
useful to the tissue cells. The necessity of work has made them
without nucleus and perform all the functions of the cells so they are
called cells.

(b) Before transfusion of blood, it is most essential to determine the

blood group of the donor and the recipient. The blood group of the
donor and the recipient must matchwith each other, otherwise the
RBC‘s will stick to each other and thus the life of a recipient may be
in danger as the blood groups are different. The sticking is due to the
 antigens (proteins) found in the blood of the donor and the
antibodies found in the blood of the recipient.

(c) The blood from the stomach and the intestine goes to liver before
going to theheart. Liver monitors the substances before passing into
the body. Excess of glucose is retained by the liver in the form of
glycogen and the excess amino acids are broken down by the liver.
Harmful chemicals are detoxified and bacteria are destroyed and
excess minerals, water and vitamins are stored in theliver.
Question 8.
Name the three kinds of blood vessels found in human beings. With the help of
suitable diagrams, differentiate between them.
Answer:
The three kind of blood vessels found in human beings are arteries,
veins and capillaries.

1. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the
various parts of thebody.
2. Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood from the body parts to
theheart.
3. Capillaries: These are the terminal branches of an artery, which rejoin to
form a vein. A capillary is a very narrow tube whose walls have a single
layer of cellswith no muscles. Although the wall of a capillary is veiy thin,
yet an exchange of nutrients, waste products and gases take place
between the blood and the body fluids.

Differences:

Arteries

1. Carry blood away from theheart.

2. Have thick and more muscularwalls.
3. Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery which
carriesdeoxygenated blood).
4. The blood flows with jerks and under greatforce.
Veins

1. Carry blood towards theheart.

2. Have thin and less muscularwalls.
3. Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein which
carriesoxygenated blood).
4. The blood flows smoothly and under littlepressure.

Capillaries:
1. Arteries after entering an organ divide into number of smaller branches called
arterioles which further divide repeatedly to form a network of fine
branchescalled capillaries.
2. The walls of the capillaries are very thin and are one celldeep.
3. The Capillaries after the metabolic exchange unite to form
larger vesselscalledvenules, which again unite to form avein.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Multiple choice questions. Tick () the correctchoice:

1. Human hearthas

1. one auricle and oneventricle.

2. two auricles and oneventricle.
3. two auricles and twoventricles.
4. one auricle and twoventricles.

2. The blood vessels in which blood goes away from the heart to
differentbody partsare

1. arteries
2. capillaries
3. veins
4. both arteries andveins.

3. The heartbeat is measured by an instrumentcalled

1. thermometer
2. sphygmomanometer
3. stethoscope
4. none of theabove

4. The blood cells which protect the body from infectionare

 1. RBCs
2. platelets
3. WBCs
4. all theabove

5. The four blood groups in humansare

1. A, B, C andD
2. A, B, AB andC
3. A, B, AB andO
4. A, B, AB andOO

II. Fill in theblanks.

1. In human body, heart is located on the left side of the chestcavity.

2. The blood vessels which carry blood from the heart to different parts of thebody
are calledarteries.
3. Arteries carry pureblood.
4. The red-coloured pigment present in RBCs is calledHaemoglobin.
5. The fluid part of blood is calledplasma.

III. Which of the following statements are true (T) and which ones are
false(F)? Mark T orF:

1. Platelets help in clotting ofblood.

True.
2. The four blood groups in human beings are A, B, AB andAO.
False.The four blood groups in human beings are A, B, AB and O.
3. People with blood group ‗O‘ are called universalrecipients.
False.People with blood group ‗O‘ are called universal donors.
4. Blood group A has antigenA.
True.
5. Impure blood is received by the rightauricle.
True.

IV. Match the statements in Column A with those in ColumnB:

 V. Describe the functions of thefollowing:

1. Heart
2. Bloodvessels
3. Red bloodcells
4. White bloodcells
5. Platelets
6. Blood.

Answer:

1. Heart: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to all the cells in
our body through a network of blood vessels. It pumps the blood and
hence helps in circulating oxygen and nutrients to all body parts. The
heart pumpsdeoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to
the rest of thebody.
2. Blood vessels: Blood vessels are a necessary part of the body‘s
circulatory system. The blood vessels carry blood throughout the body.
Three types ofblood vesselsare:
1. Arteries: They carry oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of
thebody.
2. Veins: They carry deoxygenated blood from the body cells to
theheart.
3. Capillaries: They form the connection between the arteries and
theveins where exchange of substances takesplace.
3. Red blood cells: Red blood cells (RBCs) contain
haemoglobinwhichcarries oxygen throughout the body. It also
transports nutrients to cells.
4. White blood cells: White blood cells (WBCs) help in fighting infection
asthey destroy thegerms.
5. Platelets: The platelets help in clotting of blood, whenever there is a
bloodflow due to some injury.
6. Blood: Blood circulates throughout the body and performs the
followingfunctions:  It carries or transports food and oxygen to each
bodycell.
 It carries away waste products to organs (like kidneys, lungs
andintestine) from where they are excreted out of thebody.
 It protects the body against infection by destroyinggerms.
 It helps in blood clotting, thereby preventing excessive
bloodloss.  It regulates bodytemperature.
 VI. Define thefollowing:

1. Circulatorysystem
2. Arteries
3. Veins
Answer:

1. Circulatory system: Circulatory system is a transport system

movingsubstances throughout our body with the help ofblood.
2. Arteries: Arteries are the blood vessels in which oxygenated blood is
goingaway from the heart to all parts of thebody.
3. Veins: Veins are the blood vessels which carry deoxygenated (impure)
bloodfrom the body cells to theheart.

VII. Answer the followingquestions:

Question 1.
Name the main parts of the circulatory system.
Answer:
The main parts of the circulatory system are:

  Heart
 Blood vesselsand
 Blood.

Question 2.
Name the organ from which oxygenated blood goes into the heart.
Answer:
Lungs.

Question 3.
Describe, in brief, the circulatory system in human beings.
Answer:
The circulatory system in human beings consists of heart, blood vessels
(arteries, veins and capillaries) and blood. Blood circulates throughout the body
in blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. The impure blood is carried
by veins from all parts of the body to the heart. The heart pumps it into the –
lungs where blood is oxygenated and carried back to the heart. From heart, the
oxygenated (pure) blood is pumped to all parts of the body through arteries.
Thus, the circulatory system forms the transport system carrying food,
oxygen, waste products, nutrients etc. throughout the body.
Question 4.
Draw the structure of a human heart and label its parts.
Answer:

Question 5.
Why is a person having blood group AB called universal recipient and a
person with blood group O called a universal donor?
Answer:
People with blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate
blood to all the blood groups. Their red blood cells (RBCs) have no antigens and
so cannot be stuck by blood of any other group.
People with blood group AB are called universal recipients because they can
receive blood from all 4 blood groups. The red cells in them have no antibodies
and therefore it does not stick with blood from other groups.

Question 6.
Name the instruments used for measuring –
(i) pulse and (ii) blood pressure.
Answer:
(i) Stethoscope. (ii) Sphygmomanometer.
Question 7.
Name the following:
(a) Components ofblood
(b) Different bloodgroups
Answer:
(a) Components of bloodare:

1. liquid part calledplasma

2. The cells or corpuscles which are further of three types: (a) RBC (red
bloodcell),
(b) WBC (white blood cell), (c)platelets.

(b) The four blood groups in humans are A, B, AB and O.

Question 8.
Differentiate between arteries and veins.
Answer:
Arteries

1. They carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
2. They carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).
3. They are usually deep seated in the tissues.
4. Blood flows with jerks and under high pressure.
5. Valves are absent.
6. Thick elastic walls present.

Veins

1. They carry blood into the heart from all parts of the body.
2. They carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).
3. They lie closer to skin surface.
4. Blood flows smoothly and under low pressure.
5. Valves are present.
6. Walls thinner than arteries present.

Question 9.
Write in brief about the following:
(a) Blood groups and (b) Blood transfusion
Answer:
(a) The four types of blood in humans are called bloodgroups.
These are A, B, AB and O. The blood is determined by the antigens
present on the RBCs. RBCs also contain antibodies in the plasma.
 (b) Transfer of blood from one person to another is called blood transfusion.
Ill or seriously injured people may need it. But compatibility of the blood
groups is checked first. People with blood group AB are called universal
recipients and people withblood group 0 are called universal donors.

Question 10.
Find the odd one out, giving reason:
Answer:
(i) Arteries, capillaries,
blood,veins Ans. Blood.
Reason: Arteries, veins and capillaries are types of blood vessels whereas
blood is a constituent of circulatory system.
(ii) RBC, platelets, anti-A,WBC
Ans. Anti-A.
Reason: RBC, platelets and WBC are three types of blood cells whereas
anti-A is a type of antibody present in the blood plasma.

Question 11.
What is the rate of heartbeat in normal adult human being?
Answer:
72 times per minute.

Question 12.
Name the main artery which carries blood to different parts of the body.
Answer:
Aorta.

Question13.
What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
 Answer:
Pulmonary circulation
(i)Thisinvolvescirculationofbloodbetweentheheartandthel
ungs.
(ii) It is the function of the right side of the heart.
(iii) It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to receive
oxygen.
(iv)Itbeginsontherightventricleandendsonleftauricle.
(v) It returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
(vi) Blood flows as:
Systemic circulation
(i)Thisinvolvescirculationofbloodbetweentheheartand
body organs (exceptlungs).
(ii) It is the function of the left side of the heart.
(iii) It carries oxygenated blood to the body organs.
(iv) It starts at left ventricle and ends at the right auri
(v) It returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
(vi) Blood flows as:

Question 14.
Blood in the human body circulates twice for making one complete round
through the body. Explain.
Answer:
The circulation of blood through the human heart takes place twice
making one complete round through the body. This is called double
circulation.

The impure blood (deoxygenated blood) is collected from different body organs
through two major veins (vena cava). The two veins empty blood into the right
auricle. From here, it enters the right ventricle and is carried to lungs by pulmonary
artery. Exchange of gases takes place in the lungs. Pulmonary vein then carries
 the pure (oxygenated) blood to the left auricle. From here, it enters the left ventricle
and is then carried by an artery called aorta to all parts of the body. Double
circulation can be summarised as:

1. Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs is

calledpulmonary circulation. In this, the blood flows asfollows:
Right ventricle → lungs → left auricle (through pulmonary veins)
2. Circulation of blood between the heart and body organs (except lung)
iscalled systemic (body) circulation. Blood flows asfollowing:
Left ventricle → body organs → right auricle (through vena cava)

Question 15.
How many litres of blood does an adult human body have?
Answer:
4.5-5 litres of blood.

Question 16.
Write a short note on human heart.
Answer:
The heart is a pump that circulates blood to all parts of the body. It is about the
size of a human fist and located to the left in chest cavity. It has four chambers –
two upper chambers called auricles or atria and two lower chambers called
ventricles. The auricles receive blood from different body parts and ventricles
pump the blood out of the heart. The valves between auricle and ventricle on
each side allow blood to flow in one direction only. Heart acts as a double pump.
The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be
oxygenated. The left side of the heart pump oxygenated blood to the body.

Question 17.
What are seen as greenish blue lines in our hands and legs?
Answer:
Veins.

Question18.
Name the iron containing protein present in RBC of blood.
Answer:
Haemoglobin.

Question19.
Define pulse.
Answer:
Pulse is the throbbing of the arteries due to the movement of blood in them.
 Question20.
Define heart beat.
Answar:

The sound or movement of the heart as it sends blood around the body
is called heartbeat. Every heartbeat causes a pulse in the arteries.

Question 21.
What is stethoscope? Explain.
Answer:
The pulse in humans can be n. ;asured by using an instrument called
stethoscope. It is a de‘ cejhat amplifies the sound of a heartbeat and is used to
sear heartbeats in the chest. It consists of three parts:

1. a chest piece, which is sensitive toheartbeats.

2. twoearpieces.
3. a tube joining the chest piece and the earpieces.

Question 22.
What is a stroke? What causes it?
Answer:
A disabling attack or loss of consciousness by
an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain
is called a stroke. Constant high blood pressure
puts a strain on the heart and can also cause
an artery to burst open. If this happens in the
brain, it causes stroke.

Question 23.
What is blood pressure? When does it rise?
Answer:
The pressure of the blood in the arteries
caused by pumping of heart is called blood
pressure. It rises if we do activities like
running, cycling etc. or if the arteries become
narrower.

Question 24.
What are antigens and antibodies?
Answer:
Antigens are foreign substances in the body which
stimulate the production of antibodies.
Antibodies are chemical substances
made by the body in response to
 foreign substances (antigens). They
destroy antigens.

Question 25.

Write one function for each of the following:

a. Pericardial fluid b. Valves c. SA node d. Capillary e. Coronary artery f. Coronary vein

A. a. Pericardial fluid- The fluid protects the heart from shocks, jerks or mechanical stress.

b. Valves – They regulate the flow of blood in one direction .

c. SA node- It is responsible for setting a rhythm for the contractions and relaxations of
the heart or heart beat. It is also called natural pacemaker of the heart.
d. Capillary- Exchange of nutrients, waste products and gases between the blood and
body tissue takes place through the wall of capillary.
e. Coronary artery- It distributes oxygenated blood to the wall of the heart.
f. Coronary vein- It brings deoxygenated blood from the wall of the heart and pours into
right auricle.

Question 26.
Define the following term:
a. Artificial pacemaker b. Double circulation c. Tissue fluid d. Heart attack e. Cardiac
arrest
A. a. Artificial pacemaker- It is a mechanical device placed surgically in
humans if their SA node is damaged or if the electrical conduction system
of the heart has problems.
b. Double circulation – Blood passes through the heart twice, once when it is
deoxygenated and then after getting oxygenated to complete one full circulation
throughout the body. This is called double circulation.
c. Tissue fluid- It occupies the space between the individual cells of the body
and is also known as the interstitial fluid.
d. Heart attack- It is a sudden interruption of blood supply to the heart. It usually
occurs due to a blood clot that prevents the flow of oxygen rich blood to the
cardiac muscle.
e. Cardiac arrest- A cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops pumping
blood around the body.
 NervousSystem
REVIEWQUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Put a tick mark () against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) Medulla oblongatacontrols

1. Smelling
2. Beating of heart and respiratorymovement
3. Intelligence and willpower
4. Balancing thebody

(b) Balance of body is controlledby:

1. Spinalcord
2. Cerebellum
3. Cerebrum
4. Medulla

(c) The smell of good food causes watering of your mouth. It isa

1. Naturalreflex
2. Acquired relfex
3. Inbornreflex
4. Ordinaryreflex

(d) The structural and functional unit of nervous system isa

1. Axon
2. Nephron
3. Neuron
4. Texon

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
Name the two types of coordination which take place in our body.
Answer:
(a) Nervous coordination: By nerves andbrain
(b) Chemical coordination: Byhormones
 Question 2.
Your are driving your bicycle at a fast speed. Suddenly, a small boy comes in front of
your cycle and, without wasting any time in thinking, you immediately apply the
brakes and accident is avoided. What name is given to such an action?
Answer:
Reflex action (acquired).

Question 3.
Given below is the diagram of a neuron. Name the parts numbered 1-5.

Answer:

1. Dendrite
2. Nucleus
3. Cell Body(Cyton)
4. Axon (Nervefibre)
5. Terminal branches/Axon endings

Question 4.
Write one word in the space provided to complete the second pair of the related
words pertaining to nervous system.
Memory : cerebrum : : breathing :
Balance : cerebellum : : reasoning :
Answer:
Memory : cerebrum : : breathing: medulla oblongata
Balance : cerebellum : : reasoning : cerebrum

Question 5.
Differentiate between the following pair of terms:
(a) Stimulus andimpulse
(b) Receptor andeffector
(c) Motor nerve and sensorynerve
Answer:
(a) Stimulus: Any change in the environment that usually results in change inthe
activity of thebody.
Impulse: A wave of electrical disturbance that runs through the nerves.
 (b) Receptor: The nerve cell on receiving the stimulus sets up the waves
ofimpulses towards the central nervoussystem.
Effector: Any muscle or gland on receiving the impulse from the brain (or
the spinal cord), contracts or secretes.

(c) Motor nerve: It contains only motor neurons,

Example: Nerves going to the muscles of theeyeball.
Sensory nerve: It contains only sensory neurons.
Example: optic nerve of theeye.

Question 6.
(a) Name the three major divisions of the human nervoussystem.
(b) Name the three main parts of humanbrain.
Answer:
(a)
1. The central nervous system (brain and spinalcord)
2. The peripheral nervoussystem
3. The autonomic nervoussystem

(b)
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Medullaoblongata

Question 7.
Give the function of each of the following:
(a) Olfactorynerve:
(b) Opticnerve:
(c) Facialnerve:
Answer:
(a) Olfactory nerve: The sense of smell is present in the epithelial layers
of the nasal chambers. The sense of smell is carried to the brain by the
olfactory nerve. Theyarise from the anterior ends of the olfactory lobes and
are distributed to lining of nasal chambers.
(b) Optic nerve: It carries the reflection of the object from the retina to the
brain. The image formed on the retina is in a reverted position and the
correct picture is formedin the brain as the object is. The optic nerves arise
from the side of diencephalon. They innervate the retina of the eye and are
sensory innature.
(c) Facial nerve: It carries message and all expressions of the face, mastication
work alone by the teeth, movement of the neck and the activities of the salivary
glands to the brain. It arises from the side of medulla. On the whole facial
nerves are mixed innature.
 Long answer questions

Question 1.
With the help of a suitable diagram describe the structures of a neuron.
Answer:
Nervous system consists of special cells called nerve cells or neurons. It has a main
cell body called cyton. It gives out many processes called dendrites. From it a very long
process is given out. It is called axon or nerve fibre.

The cell body has a nucleus. The dendrites get the message from the organs and send
this message to the axon through the cell body. Then the axon sends the message to
muscles to contrast or to the gland for secretion.
The neurons make contact with one another through their processes. The axon at its
end branches and meets the dendrites of another neuron. The meeting point is called
synapse. The message is passed on from one axon to the dendrites of another
neuron. How the message goes ? It is like this:
Organ → Message goes to dnedrites → Cell body → Axon → Muscles or glands

Question 2.
Briefly describe the structure of the cerebrum in human brain and mention its functions.
Answer:
Brain consists of main three parts and lies in the cranial cavity of skull.
 1. The cerebrum
2. The cerebellum
3. The medullaoblongata

Cerebrum: It is very large and form two third of the whole brain. The two hemispheres
are separated from each other by a deep longitudinal groove, the median fissure. The
outer surface is folded with ridges and grooves. The hemispheres are hollow from
inside and their walls have outer and inner portions. The outer portion has cell bodies of
the neurons and it is called grey matter.
The waveryedges of the folded layer has large number of neurons to the extent of nine
billion. The inner portion of the cerebrum has axons and it is called white matter.

Functions:

1. It controls all the voluntaryactivities.

2. It is the seat of intelligence, consciousness and willpower.

Question 3.
Mention the three functions of spinal cord.
Answer:
Spinal cord has the following functions.

1. It is the centre of reflex actions below theneck.

2. It carries messages from the skin and muscles to thebrain.
3. All the stimuli and responses are passed from and to the brain through thespinal
cord.

Question 4.
With the help of suitable example, describe reflex action.
Answer:
Reflex action: Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli. These actions are not
under the control of the animal. They are of definite and mechanical type. Peripheral
nervous system and spinal cord both control certain action and the brain is not in
action. Some examples of reflex actions are:

1. Pupil becomes narrow when strong light falls onit.

2. The aroma of the food makes the mouthwatering.
3. The hand is withdrawn as we touch the hotplate.
4. Flow of bile from the gall bladder into theduodenum.
5. A loud thud may lead to opening of themouth.

In a reflex action brain is not involved, removing the hand on touching a hot plate is a
reflex action. The impulse of heat goes from the hand to the spinal cord and the order is
sent back to the muscles of the hand to remove the hand from the hot plate.
 Question 5.
Describe three kinds of nerves, giving the example of each.
Answer:
A nerve is formed by a group of nerve fibres (axons) encased by tubular medullary
sheath. The medullary sheath acts as insulation and do not allow mixing up of
impulses of the neighbouring axons (nerve fibres) We have three kinds of nerves:

1. Sensory nerve: It brings impulses from sense organs as these have sensory
fibres. These nerve carry the impulses from the sense organs to the brain or
tothe spinal cord as optic nerve of theeye.
2. Motor nerves: These carry impulses to muscles or glands from the brain orspinal
cord. These nerves have only motor fibres as nerves to the muscles of the eye
ball.
3. Mixed nerve: It has both sensory and motors fibres as nerve going to thetongue.

Question 6.
Differentiate between natural reflex and conditioned reflex. Give examples to
illustrate your answer.
Answer:
Natural reflex: It is one in which no previous experience or learning is required.
These reflexes are inborn i.e. inherited from the parents.
Examples are

1. Blinking, coughing, sneezing as these are protectivereflexes

2. Salivation, swallowing, peristalsis as it provides functionalefficiency.
 3. Dilation of the eyes pupil to look in the dark and vice versa. It
ismuscular movement.
4. Pushing along of swallowed food through the food canal. It is muscularmovement.

Conditioned Reflex: It is one which develops during lifetime due to experience or

learning.
Examples are:

1. Watering of mouth (Salvination) at the sight of a tastyfood.

2. Surfing the channels while watching thetelevision.
3. Typing of a keyboard of a computer.
4. Playing a musicalinstrument.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Multiple choice questions. Tick () the correctchoice:

1. Nervous system in humans consistsof

1. brain andnerves
2. brain and spinalcord
3. brain, spinal cord andnerves
4. none of theabove.

2. Memory and intelligence are controlledby

1. cerebrum
2. medullaoblongata
3. cerebellum
4. spinal cord

3. Heartbeat and breathing are controlledby

1. cerebrum
2. spinal cord
3. cerebellum
4. medullaoblongata

II. Fill in theblanks:

1. Basic structural unit of the nervous system is theneuron.

2. Central nervous system consists of brain and spinalcord.
3. A neuron consists of cell body, dendrite andaxon.
 4. The neurons carrying impulses from the brain to the muscles are called motor or
efferentneurons.
5. Peripheral nervous system consists ofnerves.
6. The three main parts of the brain are cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla
oblongata (brainstem).

III. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F):

1. Each neuron consists of three parts called cell body, cytonandaxon.

False.Each neuron consists of three parts called cell body, dendrite and axon.
2. The largest part of the brain is thecerebrum.
True.
3. Cerebellum maintains balance of thebody,
True.
4. There are 31 pairs of cranialnerves.
False.There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

IV. Find the odd-one out, givingreasons:

Axon, cell body, dendrite, cerebellum
Answer:
Cerebellum is the odd one out as it is apart of brain while rest three are parts of
a neuron,

V. Define thefollowing:

1. Reflexarc
2. Sensory neuron
3. Motorneuron
4. Neuron

Answer:

1. Reflex arc: The path that an impulse takes in a reflex action is called a reflexarc.
2. Sensory neuron: The neurons which carry impulses from the body parts to the
brainarecalledsensoryorafferentneurons.Forexample,opticnerveoftheeye.
3. Motor neuron: The neurons which carry impulses from the brain or spinal
cordto the body parts are called motor or efferent neurons.
4. Neuron: A neuron or a nerve cell is the basic structural and functional unit ofthe
nervous system..
 VI. Answer thefollowing:
Question 1.
Describe the two parts of the nervous system.
Answer:
The nervous system of human has two parts:

1. Central Nervous System (CNS): It consists of the brain and the

spinal cord.The brain lies protected inside the skull while the spinal
cord is protected within the vertebral column.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): It consists of nerves arising from
the spinal cord (spinal nerves) and the brain (cranial nerves). These
nerves link the central nervous system with the various bodyorgans.

Question 2.
Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of a neuron.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are nerves? Mention the types of nerves found in humans.
Answer:
A bundle of nerve fibres joined together as a tubular sheath that
transmits impulses between brain or spinal cord and other body parts is
called a nerve. The nerves constitute the peripheral nervous system.
Nerves are of two types in humans:

1.
Crani
al nerves: They emerge from the brain. There are 12 pairs of cranialnerves.
 2. Spinal nerves: They emerge from the spinal‘ cord. There are 31 pairs ofspinal
nerves.

Question 4.
Explain the structure of brain.
Answer:
The brain is the main control centre of the nervous system. It is enclosed within the
bony shell of cranium. It consists of three main parts:

1. Cerebrum: It is the uppermost and largest part with many ridges and grooves.
Itis divided into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres. It controls our
thinking, reasoning, intelligence, memory and perception of pain, sound, touch,
taste andsmell.
2. Cerebellum: It is located under the cerebrum at the back of the head.
Itmaintains balance of the body and coordinates muscularactivity.
3. Brain stem (medulla oblongata): It joins the brain to the spinal cord.
Itcontrols the activity of internal organs i like heartbeat andbreathing.

Question 5.
Compare the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Answer:

Nervous
system

1. Messages are sent through nervefibres.

2. It consists of brain, spinal cord andnerves.
3. No hormones are secreted. Messages are sent asimpulses.
4. Transmission of impulse isquick.
 Endocrine system
1. Messages are sent through blood in the form ofhormones.
2. It consists of endocrineglands.
3. Hormones secreted by glands regulate the bodyactivities.
4. Transmission takestime.

Question 6.
Why an alcoholic person is unable to walk properly?
A. An alcoholic person is unable to walk properly because alcohol affectsthe
cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating muscular activities.

Question 7.
Define synapse.
A. The point of contact between the terminal branches of axon of a neuron with
the dendrites of another neuron separated by a fine gap.

Question 8.
Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic system.
Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system
1. They prepare the body for violent They restore the normal body condition after the
action. violent act is over.
2. Nerves present between neck and Nerves present above neck and below sacrum.
waist.

Diseases and FirstAid

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice questions:

1. Put a tick mark () against the correct alternative in the following statements:

(a) A mosquito is a vectorfor

1. Typhoid
2. Cholera
 3. Malaria
4. Jaundice

(b) Dengue is caused bya

1. Protozoan
2. Virus
3. Worm
4. Fungus

(c) The idea of vaccination was conceivedby

1. Charles Darwin
2. AlexanderFlemming
3. IssacNewton
4. Edward Jenner

(d) Which one of the following is not a psychotropic drug?

1. Morphine
2. Cocaine
3. Heroin
4. Penicillin

(e) Which one of the following is a communicable disease?

1. Measles
2. Cancer
3. Heart stroke
4. Allergy

Short Answer Questions:

Question 1(a).
What is a non-communicable disease ?
Answer:
The diseases which are caused due to improper functioning of the body organs e.g.
diabetes, heart attack. They are not caused by germs and not transmitted from one
to another.

Question 1(b).
What are communicable diseases ?
Answer:
Those disease which spread from one person to another by the entry of
microorganisms are known as communicable diseases.

Question 1(c).
How can we control spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies ?
Answer:
We can control spreading of diseases by mosquitoes and houseflies by using
repellants, throwing garbage in covered bins, avoiding stagnation of water
andchecking breeding of theseinsects.

Question 1(d).
Public hygiene is equally important as personal hygiene. Give reasons.
Answer:
Keeping oneself clean is personal hygiene. But public hygiene is equally important as
dirty surrounding may lead to more of houseflies, mosquitoes and other insects which
are major vectors of many communicable diseases. Clean surrounding also provides
good mental health as it soothes our mind.

Question 1(e).
What is a deficiency disease ?
Answer:
These disease are caused by lack of nutrients, vitamins, minerals as a anaemia, goitre.

Question 1(f).
Biting nails should be strictly avoided. Give reason.
Answer:
Nail biting may cause many disease as the dirt has many bacteria causing diseases.
Nails should be cut from time to time to save from diseases.

Question 1(g).
Regular exercise and proper rest is a must. Give reason.
Answer:
Regular exercise keeps our body strong and immune to many diseases, rest
refreshes our body.

Question 1(h).
Children eating more of fast food tend to suffer from obesity (overweight). Comment.
Answer:
Fast food like pizza, burger, patty, oily foods etc. have much carbohydrates and fats.
Children eating these become more and more fat and gain weight soon as they do not
do much of physical work.

2. Name thefollowing:
Question2(a).
A viral disease caused due to unhealthy sexual contact
Answer:
AIDS.

Question 2(b).
A disease caused due to Plasmodium
Answer:
Malaria.

Question 2(c).
A disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito
Answer:
Malaria.

Question 2(d).
Two viral diseases caused by mosquito bites
Answer:
Dengu, Chikungunya.

Question 2(e).
Any droplet — borne disease.
Answer:
Amoebiasis, Cholera, Hepatitis A.

Question 2(f).
A viral disease caused by the bite of a dog
Answer:
Rabies/Hydrophobia

3. Write short (2-3 sentences) notes on the following: Disease,

immunisation, pathogen, AIDS, vaccination,vector.

Answer:

Disease: Disease is a departure from normal health due to structural or functional

disorder of the body. Disease may be due to deficiency of nutrients or malfunctioning of
organs or 1 genetic disorders, improper metabolic activity, or allergies, or cancer and
mental illness as diabetes, haemophilia, leukemia, schizophrenia.
Immunisation: It means, we make the body immune to certain diseases by introducing
respective weakened germs into the body. Thus we develop resistance to the
concerned disease this process is called immunisation. The germs or the material
introduced into the body to make it resistant to the concerned disease is called vaccine.
This produces antibodies in the body of the person and the person can be saved by
these antibodies. The vaccine can be given by the injection or orally as polio drops, tap
vaccine for typhoid, BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.

Pathogens: The germs that cause diseases to human beings and to other animals and
plants are called pathogens. They spread the diseases from person to person or
through the air or through the articles of the diseased persons. Pathogens may be
different kinds of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans or worms.

AID’S (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome): It is a viral disease caused by

the virus called HIV (Human immuno deficiency virus) This virus makes the defence
mechanism of the human body very weak. The immune system in the body as
W.B.C. becomes weak. Thus the person catches the infectious diseases very easily.
This disease spreads through sexual contact as one of the partner may be carrier of
the disease. It may spread through the blood transfusion and infected syringes,
blades of the barbers, it may infect the developing baby through the blood by the
mother. It is very deadly disease.

Vaccination: Vaccination is a method of making the body immune to a

particular disease by injecting killed or weakened disease causing microbe into
a body to stimulate the formation of antibodies and develop immunity to that
disease causing microbe.

Vector: A vector is an organism that carries disease causing microbes (pathogens)

from one host to another. They are the carriers of infection. Example:
Mosquito, housefly, etc.

4. What are psychotropic drugs? Give two examples.

A. Drugs which cause insensible condition in human beings are called narcotic drugs
or psychotropic drugs. For eg. Cocaine and heroin.

5. Write two harmful effects of drinking alcohol.

A. Two harmful effects of drinking alcohol are:
 It causes damage to the nervous system blood vessels, kidney and
stomach.
 Excess alcohol causes damage to the liver and gets stored.
Long Answer Questions:

Question 1.
What is vaccination? Mention the four ways in which vaccine‘s are prepared, giving
the name of one disease for which each type of vaccine is used.
Answer:
For developing resistance in the body we introduce germs or germ substances in the
body to develop resistance in the body against a particular disease. The material
introduced into the body is called vaccine, this practice is called prophylaxis.
The germ or the germ substance is put into the body orally as polio drops or it is
introduced by injection as TAB vaccine. Vaccine or vaccination was attached with small
pox, but it is now used in a general sense.

Preparation:

1. Killed germs are introduced into the body These act as vaccine for TAB, vaccine
for typhoid, Salk‘s vaccine for poliomyelitis. Rabies vaccine for dogbite.
2. Living weakened germs: The living germs are treated in such a way that they
become very weak and as such, they cannot cause the disease. They caninduce
antibody formation such as the vaccine for measles and the freezed dried BCG
vaccine fortuberculosis.
3. Living fully virulent germs: These virulent germs in small doses are introduced
into the body as vaccine and these produce antibodies in the body and these do not
allow the germs of particular type to cause that disease: In this vaccinationthe
person is inoculated with cowpox virus. It is very similar to small poxvirus.
4. Toxoids: Toxoids are prepared from the extracts., of toxins secreted by
bacteria. These toxins are poisons and these are made harmless by adding
formalin into them. They retain their capacity and as a result when introduced
into the body they produce antibodies into the body and do not allow the germs
to grow in the body as vaccines for diphtheria andtetanus.

Question 2.
Burns can be superficial burns, deep burns or chemical burns. What emergency
care you would suggest in each case.
Answer:
When one gets burnt up accidentaly one should not pull clothes from the burnt area and
one should not cut the blisters. One should apply butter, vaseline or ointment.

 Superficial burns: When there are superficial bums, put cold water on
 itand apply some oily substance, bumol, castor oil, vaseline, butteretc.
 Deep burns: When there are deep bums do not put cold water on the
burntarea. Seek the help of hospital and one should be kept under the treatment
 of some expert doctor ofskin.
 Chemical burns: In case of chemical burns i.e., due to acid and otherchemicals,
wash with running water for 10 minutes and then cover withdressing. 
 Question 3.
Describe the ways in which communicable diseases are transmitted through
various indirect methods.
Answer:
Indirect methods of transmission of communicable diseases:

1. Using items used by the infected persons: The healthy persons may be
infected by using the articles like towel, hankey, utensils, bedding used by the
patient infected by the communicable diseases. Diseases like tuberculosis,ring
worm; common cold, influenza are transmitted by thismethod.
2. Contaminated food and water: Diseases like dysentery, cholera spreadthrough
the contaminated food and water. Flies sitting on the food, if taken by a healthy
person may be infected by the germs which may cause vomiting and loose
motions. Similarly water and food infected by entamoebamaycause dysentery to
persons who may take contaminatedfood.
3. Vectors or carriers: Organisms like mosquitoes and house flies, ticks carry
germs from the source of infection and pass on the germs to the normalpersons
and thus they are infected by diseases like malaria, cholera, plague. These
organisms which carry the disease are called vectors and are not infected
themselves.
Mosquitoes suck blood and carry the disease causing protozoans from
infected persons to healthy persons.
Similarly houseflies carry the germs from garbage and sewage to the food. If this
food is taken by the persons they become prey to typhoid and other diseases.
4. Air: One sneeze from a person infected by cold may give billions of germs
which are carried by air and may infect the healthy person. Tuberculosis passes
from one person to other by coughing or sneezing of the infectedperson.
These germs remain suspended in the air and persons may be infected by
these spores or germs. Common cold, measles, diptheria, chicken pox.

Question 4.
Given a crossword puzzle. Read the clues across and clues downward, and fill up the
blank squares. Check up your performance with the correct solution given at the end.

Clues across

1. Category of pathogen that causes diseases, like common cold andmumps.

2. These may readily grow in your hair, if you do not wash itregularly.
3. This is the vaccine for preventingtuberculosis.
4. Cover this part of your body by a handkerchief while sneezing to preventdroplet
infection toothers.
5. The disease pertussis is popularly known aswhooping
6. One of the most common insects which visits our exposed
foodsand contaminatesthem.
7. A disease that weakens body‘s defencesystem

8. Germ or germ – substance introduced into the body to prevent occurrence

of an infectiousdisease.
9. A disease in which the eyes, the skin and the urine turnyellow.
10. An organ usually affected bytuberculosis.
11. A disease caused by the bite of an infected dog, and which affects
thecentral nervoussystem.

Answer:
I. Answer the followingquestions:

Question 1.
List the different ways by which communicable diseases are transmitted.
Answer:
Communicable diseases are transmitted broadly by two modes:

1. Direct transmission: It isby

(a) Direct contact: From skin to skin. Examples: eye infection (conjunctivitis),skin
diseases,etc.
(b) Droplet infection: From droplet of saliva or nose during
cough,sneezing, speaking and spitting. Examples: Tuberculosis (TB),
common cold, whooping cough, influenza.
(c) Contact with soil. Example: mycosis,tetanus.
(d) Inoculation into skin: Microbes may inoculate directly into skin.
Examples: Rabies virus is inoculated by dog bite, hepatitis B virus is
inoculated through contaminated needles andsyringes.
2. Indirect transmission: It isby
(a) Transmission of microbes through water and food (vehicle borne
transmission). Examples: typhoid, cholera, polio, food poisoning, diarrhoeaetc.
(b) Transmission by blood. Examples: Hepatitis B andmalaria.
(c) Transmission of microbes by an arthropod/living carrier (vector
borne). Examples: malaria, dengue are transmitted by mosquito, typhoid,
choleraare transmitted by housefly, plague is transmitted by rat flea,etc.
(d) Transmission through fomites: Fomites include soiled clothes,
towel, cups, spoon, toys, etc. Examples: diptheria, eye and
skininfection.
(e) Transmission through unclean hands. Examples: typhoid,
intestinalparasites.
(f) Air borne transmission. Examples: epidemictyphus.

Question 2.
How does vaccination prevent diseases?
A. A vaccine contains a killed or weakened disease causing microbe that is
responsible for infection. Because the germ is killed, it cannot make the
person sick. When a person receives a vaccine, the body reacts by
producing antibodies in defence. The antibodies remain in the blood for long
and destroys the germs of a particular disease. In other words, vaccines
expose people safely to germs so that they can fight with the same germs in
future against its specific disease.

A. Three commonly used vaccines are

1. BCG for tuberculosis
2. Salk’s vaccine for polio
3. DPT for diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus
 Question 4.
Why should you not allow water to stagnate near your house?
A. We should not allow water to stagnate near our house because
1. Stagnant water is a breeding place for several mosquitoes which are
carriers of many diseases like malaria and dengue.
2. It starts growing algae etc. and stinks and rots the ground.
Question 5.
Name few contact infections.
A. Skin diseases , lice, chicken pox, conjunctivitis.

Question 6.
What are the bad habits that can lead to bad health?
  Lack of personal hygiene
 Lack of exercise
 Addiction to fast food, drugs, tobacco, alcohol etc.
 Poor sanitation
Question 7.
Name few vectors and diseases caused by them.
 Mosquito- malaria, dengue, filarial
 Housefly- typhoid, cholera, polio
 Sandfly- kalaazar
 Rat flea- plague
Question 8.
How can microorganisms enter the body?
 Through the air we inhale.
 Through the water we drink
  Through the food we eat.
 Through skin.