Transport, Structure and Gas

Exchange in Flowering Plants

Chapter 24
Aidhm
Plants
Plants are ___________ i.e. they can make
their own food in a process called
_______________. Water is delivered to
leaves from the roots in the __________
vessels and food is transported away from
leaves in the ________ sieve _________.
____________ is the removal of water from
leaves through small openings in the leaves
called _____________
To provide the materials needed for various plant
metabolic processes including

Photosynthesis
Respiration
Growth
Reproduction
Why do plants need a transport system ?
What materials are transported in plants
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Minerals
4. Oxygen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc&feature=related

Answer the following based on the video
1. Apart from root pressure, what causes water to
move up to a leaf
2. What part of water causes water molecules to stick
together
3. What is this phenomenon called
4. What prevents the water molecules from been
pulled back down to the root
5. What conditions increase transpiration
6. Why are stoma generally open during the day
7. If the plant wants to conserve water, what cells
close
Water uptake
Water is absorbed by the epidermal cells of the
root hair cells by osmosis
Root hairs are adapted to
this process by having
1. Thin walls with no
cuticle
2. A large surface area
Soil water is more dilute than the cell
sap of epidermal cells (which have
no waxy cuticle) so water moves in
by osmosis.
Water movement into the xylem
Water moves by diffusion from the root hairs into the
ground tissue (cortex) and eventually reaches the
xylem
Root Hair
Ground tissue
Xylem
Water
Xylem form
continuous hollow pipes
from roots to leaf
Upward movement of water
Two mechanisms combine to cause upward
movement of water through the stem in the xylem
1. Root pressure 2. Transpiration
As water moves into
the root by osmosis it
builds up a pressure
that pushes water up
the xylem.
The loss of water
(evaporation) vapour
from the leaves and
aerial parts of a plant
Upward movement of water
2. Transpiration
Water evaporates from the cells into the air spaces
It then diffuses out through the stomata
The leaf becomes less swollen
The cell is more concentrated than the xylem cells
Water passes by osmosis from the xylem into the
cell
The water molecule is pulled out of the xylem, it
pulls the next water molecule
The pulling force is transmitted from one
molecule to the next, all the way from the root to
the stem
Air Space
Recap

What materials are transported in a plant?

Water, CO2, minerals, O2 and glucose

How is water taken up by the plant?

Osmosis

How are roots hairs adapted?

Thin, no cuticle, large surface area

How do plants ensure upward movement of water?

Root pressure and transpiration


Control of water loss from leaf
1 Presence or absence of a cuticle
2 Opening and closing of the stomata
Water cannot pass through the cuticle. The presence of a cuticle
helps reduce excessive loss of water
Controlled by guard cells
Stomata closing reduces water loss
Stomata opening increases water loss
Control of water loss from leaf
3 Location of stomata on lower surface of the leaf
Upper surface is exposed to sunlight
Under surface cooler so there is less evaporation
Mineral uptake and transport
Examples
Calcium
Magnesium ..
Helps make cell walls
Part of chlorophyll
Are transported from the roots in the xylem,
dissolved in water
Some are absorbed by active transport which requires
energy (ATP)
Some are absorbed by diffusion, which is passive

Uptake and Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Note: photosynthesis takes place in the ground tissue

2. Diffuses from the air in though the stomata
1. Produced in the leaf during respiration
CO
2
Photosynthesis Products
Glucose
Can be used up immediately in respiration
Glucose is stored as starch in leaves.
The starch is broken down into sucrose
This is transported to all parts of the plant in the
Phloem Sieve Tubes
Oxygen
Some can remain in the leaf and used for respiration
Most moves into the air spaces and diffuses out through
the stomata
Learning Check
Can you
1. Explain the definition of Autotroph


2. Describe the uptake and transport of
water, minerals and carbon dioxide


Section 2:
MODIFIED PLANT
FOOD STORAGE ORGANS
One example of a root, stem and leaf
modified as a food storage organ
Aidhm
ROOT MODIFIED TO STORE FOOD
Example
Dicot plants, e.g. carrots
produce one main tap root
This root becomes fleshy
and swollen with stored food
Carrot
STEM MODIFIED TO STORE FOOD
Example
Potatoes have an
underground stem system
The tips of these stems become swollen with
stored starch
The swollen tips are called Tubers. The
edible potato is a stem tuber
Potato
Potato Tuber.a swollen stem tip
Apical Bud
Lenticel
Lateral Bud
LEAF MODIFIED TO STORE FOOD
Example
Is a reduced underground stem
With fleshy leaves swollen with stored starch
Surrounding a central apical bud
Onion bulb
Onion Bulb
Reduced stem
Fleshy leaves
Adventitious roots
Apical Bud
Dry Scaley leaves
Did you know
Learning Check
One example of a root, stem and leaf
modified as a food storage organ
Can you give

Section 3:
Gas Exchange
Aidhm
Gas exchange
occurs during
Photosynthesis &
Transpiration
Carbon Dioxide
CO
2
enters leaf through stomata on the underside of
the leaf, into the air spaces and diffuses into the
ground tissue
Oxygen
O
2
made during photosynthesis diffuses out of the
ground tissue, into the air spaces, and out of the leaf
through stomata
Water Vapour
H
2
O diffuses out through the stomata of the leaf

Gas Exchange in Leaves
Large
surface area
Thin
structure
Network of
veins
Lots of
chlorophyll
Structure of the Leaf
Transparent
Packed with
chloroplasts
Lots of air
spaces
Holes
Carbon Dioxide
Diffuses out
Oxygen
Diffuses in
Water Vapour
H
2
O diffuses out

Lenticels: openings in
stems of plants that
allow gas exchange
Gas Exchange in Stems
Lenticels often
look like tiny
raised blisters
on a branch or
twig.
Winter twig showing lenticels
Guard cells
are located at the opening of stomata
Kidney shaped with a thick inner wall
When full of water: become turgid, ends meet and
stomata opens
When there is less water: not turgid, collapse and
adjacent cell walls are in contact, stomata closes
Control of Gas Exchange
Carbon Dioxide
High levels of carbon dioxide cause
stomata to close
In dark:
photosynthesis reduces/stops
carbon dioxide levels increase
(respiration)
Stoma closes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wIpOhuLiQqw&feature=relate
d

Control of Gas Exchange HL
Carbon Dioxide
High levels of carbon dioxide cause
stomata to close
In light:
photosynthesis occurs
carbon dioxide levels
decrease
Stoma opens
Video
Control of Gas Exchange HL
Learning Check
Can you.
Explain how carbon dioxide levels cause stomata to
open and close
Section 4: Cohesion-
Tension Model
of Xylem Transport
Higher Level
Need to Know
Cohesion-Tension Model
explains how water is
transported in plants to
extreme heights against the
force of gravity
Henry Dixon
Working in Trinity College
1894
Theory proposed by two Irish scientists
John Joly
Similar molecules sticking together
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules
e.g. water sticking to water
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
H
O
Different molecules sticking together
Adhesion
Attraction
e.g. water sticking to xylem walls
H
H
O
1. Transpiration occurs in the leaves.
2. Water moves from the xylem vessels into
the leaves to replace the lost water
3. As water molecules evaporate, water is
pulled up in a continuous stream to
replace lost water (cohesion).The
column is hard to break. It is under
tension.

The cohesion-tension model explains how
water can be pulled up to great heights in a
tree
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
The Cohesion Tension model
Learning Check

Can you.
Describe the cohesion-tension model of water
transport in xylem