CHAPTER-5 TRANSPIRATION

Progress Check
1. Transpiration is best defined as (tick-mark the correct option)
(a) loss of water from the plant.
(b) loss of water as vapour from the plants.
(c) evaporation of water from the surface of leaves.
Ans: The correct answer is option (c) evaporation of water from the
surface of leaves.
The evaporation of water from plants, particularly leaves, is known
as transpiration. It spreads via the plant's leaves and other elements.
It occurs when the stomata of the leaves remain open.

2. In one of the experiments to demonstrate transpiration, we used

cobalt chloride paper. What are the characteristics of this paper that
suit the experiment?
Ans: The blue colour of cobalt chloride paper changes to pink when it
comes into contact with water vapour. Cobalt chloride paper is used
in tests to prove the process of transpiration. When there is
transpiration, the blue colour changes to pink as we know that
transpiration involves the loss of water vapour.

3. Look at the experiment shown in Fig. 5.4. Suppose you took a single
flower with a long stalk dipping in water, instead of a leafy twig. Will
it serve the purpose? Yes/No. Give Reason.
Ans: If we take a single flower with a long stalk dipped in water,
instead of a leafy twig, then there will be no transpiration. This is
because transpiration is the process of the loss of water vapour from
the leaves. In leaves, there is the presence of stomata that results in
loss of water when it is open.

4. Mention any two limitations in the use of potometers.

Ans: The limitations in the use of potometers are:
 In the potometer, the introduction of the air bubble is very
difficult.
 It takes time to show the results, as a result, the twig cannot
remain alive for a long time.

Progress Check
1. From the following list, pick out the parts through which the water
vapour of transpiration leaves the leaf and rearrange them in proper
sequence.
Xylem vessels, mesophyll cells, stoma, intercellular space and
substomatal space.
Ans: Transpiration occurs through the stoma. The proper sequence is
Xylem vessels, Mesophyll cells, intercellular spaces, sub stomatal
space and stoma.

2. Does diffusion play a role in the passage of water vapour from the
leaf during transpiration? If so, how?
Ans: Yes, diffusion plays a role in the passage of water vapour from
the leaf during transpiration. Stomata allow water vapours to diffuse
from intercellular spaces to the atmosphere during transpiration.

3. In any experiment to demonstrate transpiration, the leaf must

remain attached to its parent plant. Why is this so?
Ans: A leaf must remain attached to its parent plant because if it is
detached from the plant it will no longer be supplied to the water
and minerals. As a result, it undergoes senescence.

4. Out of the three kinds of transpiration, which one is maximum and

which one is minimum?
i) Maximum
ii) Minimum
Ans: There are three kinds of transpiration-
1. Stomatal Transpiration- This transpiration occurs through
stomata.
2. Lenticular Transpiration- This transpiration occurs through
lenticels that are minute openings on the surface of old woody
stems.
3. Cuticular Transpiration- This transpiration occurs from the
surface of the leaves and stems.
The maximum transpiration occurs through stomata. So, stomatal
transpiration is maximum.The minimum transpiration occurs
through the cuticle. So, Cuticular transpiration is minimum.
Progress Check
1. How will the following conditions affect transpiration?
i) Still air
Ans: When there is no air or the air is still, humidity can develop
around the plant, reducing the amount of water released.

ii) Midday High Temperature

Ans: When the temperature rises, the stoma opens and a large
volume of water is discharged into the environment.

iii) Dry Air

Ans: As the air becomes dry, the rate of transmission drops in
proportion.

iv) Dim Sunlight

Ans: It causes a decrease in transpiration, allowing the plant to
conserve water.

v) Insufficient Absorption of Water by the Roots

Ans: In this case, the water is less absorbed by the plants, thereby
the transpiration will also decrease.

2. List any three adaptations in plants to reduce transpiration.

Ans: The three adaptations in plants to reduce transpiration are-
 The narrow structure of the leaf.
 A thick layer of cuticle covers the leaf.
 Less number of stomata in the upper epidermis of the leaf.

Progress Check
1. List any four advantages of transpiration to the plant.
Ans: The four advantages of transpiration to the plant are-
 As the evaporation of water lowers the temperature of the leaf
surface, transpiration has a cooling impact on the plant body.
  Transpiration aids sap ascent by creating a suction force that
acts from the plant's top.
 Water and mineral salts are distributed throughout the plant
body through transpiration.
 Excess water is removed by transpiration.

2. How would you justify the statement that transpiration

contributes to bringing rain?
Ans: Excess water in plants is evaporated through stomata in a
process known as transpiration. Water vapour is released into the
sky during this process, where it condenses and aids in the creation
of clouds, which bring rain. As a result, we may conclude that
transpiration aids in the precipitation process.

3. Differentiate between guttation and transpiration.

Ans: The difference between guttation and transpiration is-

Sl.
TRANSPIRATION GUTTATION
No.

Loss of water takes place in Loss of water takes place in

01
vapour form. liquid form.

Water includes numerous

Water does not contain any
dissolved particles and
02 dissolved solids or solutes since it
solutes since it is lost in
evaporates in vapour form.
liquid form.

As a result of the water loss

This happens in the early
caused by the sun, transpiration
03 morning or late at night
occurs exclusively during the
when there is no sunshine.
day.

4. Plants have no blood, yet we sometimes say that a plant is

bleeding. How do you justify this?
Ans: The process through which a plant loses its components from a
cut is known as bleeding. Latex and other exudates are collected
from the plant body's wound.

Exercise-
Review Questions
A. Multiple Choice type
1. Transpiration pull will be maximum under which set of the
following conditions?
(a) Open stomata, dry atmosphere and moist soil
(b) Open stomata, high humid atmosphere and well-irrigated soil
(c) Open stomata, high humid atmosphere and dry soil
(d) Closed stomata, dry atmosphere and dry soil
Ans: (a) Open stomata, dry atmosphere and moist soil
Transpiration pull will be maximum under Open stomata, dry
atmosphere and moist soil.

2. With the decrease in atmospheric pressure, the rate of

transpiration will
a) Increase
b) Decrease rapidly
c) Decrease slowly
d) Remain the same
Ans: (a.)increase
With the decrease in atmospheric pressure, the rate of transpiration
will increase. As the atmospheric pressure drops, air will readily
move out of the plant. As a result, the rate of transpiration rises,
making it easier for plants to lose water.

3. One of the internal factors which affect the rate of transpiration is

a) Big size of the leaf
b) Colour of the leaf
c) Sunken stomata
d) Sunny day
Ans: (c.) sunken stomata
One of the internal factors which affect the rate of transpiration is
Sunken Stomata. Stomata that are not directly exposed to the
surface are referred to as "sunken." It's in a shallow hole that hides
the escaping vapour from air currents, reducing leaf water loss.

4. Guttation takes place through

a) Stomata
b) Lenticels
c) Lower epidermis of leaves
d) Hydathodes
Ans:(d.) hydathodes
Guttation is the process through which plants release liquefied
water. It happens through Hydathodes.

5. Transpiration will be fastest when the day is

a) Cool, humid and windy
b) Hot, humid and still
c) Hot, humid and windy
d) Hot, dry and windy
Ans: (c.) Hot, humid and windy
Transpiration will be fastest when the day is hot, dry and windy. On
this day, the loss of water vapour is highest thus, transpiration is
highest.

6. Most of the transpiration in tall trees occurs through

a) Stomata
b) Lenticels
c) Cuticle
d) Bark
Ans: (a.) stomata
Most of the transpiration in tall trees occurs through Stomata

7. Transpiration is best defined as

a) Loss of water by the plant
b) Evaporation of water from the surfaces of the plant
c) Loss of water, as water vapour, by a plant
d) Release of water by a plant into the atmosphere.
Ans: (c.) Loss of water, as water vapour, by a plant
Transpiration is best defined as Loss of water, as water vapour, by a
plant.

B. Very Short Answer Type

1. Name the following:
a) Openings on the stem through which transpiration occurs.
Ans: Lenticels are the openings on the stem through which
transpiration occurs.

b) The process by which intact plants lose water in the form of

droplets.
Ans: Guttation is the process by which an intact plant loses water in
the form of droplets. This takes place in hydathodes.

c) An instrument used to find the rate of transpiration.

Ans: The instrument used to find the rate of transpiration is a
potometer.

d) A plant in which stomata are sunken.

Ans: Nerium is the plant in which stomata are sunken.

e) The apparatus to record the rate of transpiration in a cut shoot.

Ans: Ganong's photometer is used to record the rate of transpiration
in a cut shoot.

f) Any two parts of the leaf which allow transpiration.

Ans: Stomata and cuticle are the two parts of the leaf that allow
transpiration.

g) The structure in a leaf that allows guttation.

Ans: Guttation is the process by which an intact plant loses water in
the form of droplets. This takes place in hydathodes of leaves.

h) Loss of water droplets from the margins of certain leaves.

Ans: Guttation is the process that involves the loss of water droplets
from the margins of certain leaves.

2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Transpiration is the loss of water as water….. from the…..parts of
the plant.
Ans: Transpiration is the loss of water as water vapour from the
aerial parts of the plant. Plants receive water through their roots and
then release water vapour through pores in their leaves, which is
known as transpiration.

(b) Closing of ............ and shedding of leaves reduce .............

Ans: Closing of stomata and shedding of leaves reduce transpiration.
Thereby, reducing the loss of water from the plants.

(c) Transpiration helps in creating ............. force and in eliminating

excess ......
Ans: Transpiration helps in creating suction force and in eliminating
excess

C: Short Answer Type

Given below is an example of a certain structure and its special
functional activity:
chloroplasts and photosynthesis
In a similar way, write the functional activity against each of the
following:
(a) Hydathodes and ....................................
Ans: Hydathodes and Guttation

(b) Leaf spines and ....................................

Ans: Leaf spines and reduced transpiration
Spines are modified leaves. Spines result in reduced transpiration.

(c) Lenticels and ........................................

Ans: Lenticels and transpiration
Lenticels are the openings on the stem through which transpiration
occurs.

(d) Xylem and ...................................

Ans: Xylem and conduction of water
Water and mineral salts are transported from the roots to various
regions of the plant via xylem.

2. (a) State whether the following statement is True (T)or False(F)?

(b) Rewrite the false statements in (a) above, in the correct form.
(i) Most transpiration occurs at midnight (T/F)
Ans: The above statement is False. Most transpiration occurs at mid-
day.

(ii) Transpiration creates a pull for upward movement of the sap.

(T/F)
Ans: The above statement is True. Transpiration creates a pull for the
upward movement of the sap. The reason for this is that when the
water level increases, it produces a vacuum, which causes the draw.

(iii) Wind velocity has an effect on transpiration. (T/F)

Ans: The above statement is True. Wind velocity has an effect on
transpiration. A higher transpiration rate is caused by increased
airflow around a plant.
(iv) Atmospheric humidity promotes transpiration from a green
plant. (T/F)
Ans: The above statement is False. Atmospheric humidity reduces
transpiration from a green plant

(v) Transpiration helps to cool the body of the plant. (T/F)

Ans: The above statement is True. Transpiration promotes cooling by
removing heat from surrounding cells and surfaces and evaporating
it as it passes through tubes in plants.

3. Give a suitable explanation for the following:

(a) A higher rate of transpiration is recorded on a windy day rather
than on a calm day.
Ans: The rate of transpiration rises as the wind speed rises. The
water vapour produced during transpiration is eliminated faster
when the wind blows faster, and the space surrounding the
transpiring leaf is not saturated with water vapour.

(b) Excessive transpiration results in the wilting of the leaves.

Ans: The cells lose their turgidity when the rate of transpiration
greatly surpasses the rate of water absorption by roots. As a result,
high transpiration causes the leaves to wilt.

(c) Some plants show wilting of their leaves at noon even when the
soil is well-watered.
Ans: Plants continually collect water through their roots, which is
subsequently carried upwards to all of the plant's aerial components,
including the leaves. Only a little portion of this water is needed for
photosynthesis and other processes, around 0.02 per cent. The
remaining water is exhaled as water vapour. As a result, the water
absorbed equals the water transpired.

(d) More transpiration occurs from the lower surface of a

dorsiventral leaf.
Ans: The lower surface of a dorsiventral leaf has more stomatal
holes. The rate of transpiration increases as the number of stomata
increases. As a result, the lower surface transpires more.
(e) The stomata in most plants are more numerous on the lower
surface of a leaf as compared to the upper surface.
Ans: As the lower surface of a leaf does not get direct sunlight, most
plants have more stomata on the lower surface than on the top
surface. This layout aids in the reduction of transpiration.

(f) Forests tend to bring more rains.

Ans: Huge amounts of water are released into the atmosphere by
enormous areas of land, particularly forests, due to transpiration. As
a result, transpiration increases the amount of moisture in the
atmosphere, causing more rain to fall.

(g) On a bright sunny day, the leaves of certain plants roll-up.

Ans: The rate of transpiration is substantially higher on a bright
sunny day than on any other day. On a bright sunny day, the leaves
of certain plants roll up to lower the exposed surface area and
consequently the rate of transpiration.

D. Descriptive Type:
1. Define the following terms:
(a) Transpiration
Ans: Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant's aerial
portions (leaves and stem) in the form of water vapour.

(b) Exudation
Ans: Exudation is the process by which plants discharge water or
other fluids, as well as dissolved compounds, in liquid form rather
than as water vapour.

(c) Potometer
Ans: A potometer is a device that monitors a plant's rate of water
intake, which is nearly equal to the amount of water lost through
transpiration.

(d) Wilting
Ans: Wilting is the collapse of leaves caused by an excessive loss of
water, such as transpiration, or by a disease.
(e) Hydathodes
Ans: Hydathodes are special pore-bearing structures found on the
leaf's edges that facilitate guttation.

(f) Cuticle
Ans: The cuticle is a waxy covering formed by the epidermis on the
two surfaces of the leaf that prevents water from evaporating.

2. Distinguish between
(a) Stomata and Lenticels
Ans: The differences between stomata and lenticels are:

Stomata Lenticels

1. They are minute openings in 1. They are minute openings on

the epidermal layer of leaves. the surface of old woody stems.

2. Maximum transpiration 2. Lesser transpiration occurs

occurs through stomata. through lenticels.

(b) Guttation and Bleeding

Ans: The differences between guttation and bleeding are:

Guttation Bleeding

1. It is the removal of excess water 1. It is the removal of water

from the plants because of excess from the plant because of
water build-up in the plant. injury.

2. Water escapes from specialized 2. Water escapes in the form

structures called hydathodes. of sap from the injured part
of the plant.

3. It occurs during early mornings or 3. It occurs at the time of

late nights. injury.

(c) Transpiration and Evaporation

Ans: The differences between transpiration and evaporation are:
 Transpiration Evaporation

1. It is the loss of water in the 1. It is the loss of water from the

form of vapour from the aerial surface of water bodies in the
parts of the plant. form of vapour.

2. It is comparatively a faster
2. It is a slow process.
process.

3. Suppose you have a small rose plant growing in a pot. How would
you demonstrate transpiration in it?
Ans: Place the little potted rose plant in a clear polythene bag and
cover it. Tie the mouth of the creature to the stem's base. Allow the
plant to sit in direct sunshine for an hour or two.
Due to the saturation of water vapour given out by the leaves, drops
of water will quickly develop on the inside surface of the bag. In the
same way, an empty polythene bag with its mouth sealed and stored
in the sun would display no water drops. This is the way to
demonstrate that plants transpire. The droplets will be verified as
water only if tested with dry cobalt chloride paper.

4. What is lenticular transpiration? Mention one major difference

between lenticular transpiration and stomatal transpiration.
Ans: Lenticels form on the barks of older stems. These allow gases to
diffuse for both respiration and photosynthesis. Lenticels never
come to an end. They stay open at all times.

The differences between stomatal transpiration and lenticular

transpiration are:

Stomatal transpiration Lenticular transpiration

1. They are minute openings in 1. They are minute openings on

the epidermal layer of leaves. the surface of old woody stems.

2. Maximum transpiration 2. Lesser transpiration occurs

occurs through stomata. through lenticels.

5. Droplets of water may sometimes be seen along the margins of the

leaves of a banana plant, growing in wet soil in the mornings. Are
these dew drops? Comment upon your answer.
Ans: They aren’t dewed drops. This is the water that the plant body
exudes through guttation. The banana plant's transpiration is
impeded since it grows in a humid climate. The roots, on the other
hand, continue to absorb water from the earth. This creates a
tremendous amount of hydrostatic pressure within the plant, forcing
excess water out of the hydathodes, which are holes found at the
ends of veins in the leaf. This is most noticeable in the mornings.
6. Briefly explain how the rate of transpiration is affected by:
(a) Intensity of light
Ans: Intensity of light- During the day, the stomata are open to let
carbon dioxide diffuse inside for photosynthesis. They are closed at
night. As a result, there is increased transpiration during the day. The
stomata are partly closed and transpiration is decreased during
cloudy days.

(b) Humidity of the atmosphere

Ans: When the air is humid, it can only contain a little amount of
water vapour. As a result, increased air humidity slows the outward
diffusion of internal water vapour through stomata, lowering the
rate of transpiration.

(c) Temperature
Ans: The rate of transpiration increases as the temperature rises,
especially during the growing season when the air is warmer due to
more sunshine and warmer air.

E. Structured/ Application/ Skill Type

The given figure represents an experiment:

(a) Leaf A was coated with grease on both surfaces.

(b) Leaf B was coated with grease on the lower surface.
(c) Leaf C was coated with grease on the upper surface.
(d) Leaf D was left without any application of grease.
All the four leaves A, B, C and D were left in a room for about 24
hours.
(i) Which leaf dries first? Give reason.
Ans: Leaf D i.e. the leaf with no grease on either surface would dry
earliest because it would lose water from both surfaces at the same
time, i.e. it would lose its most water due to transpiration.

(ii) Which leaf dries last? Give reason

Ans: Leaf A which was greased on both surfaces will dry last.
Greasing reduces evaporation of water because transpiration occurs
through stomata, which are more abundant on the bottom surface of
the leaf.

2. Given below is the diagram of an apparatus used to study a

particular phenomenon in plants:
(a) Name the apparatus.
Ans: The name of the apparatus is Ganong’s potometer.

(b) What is it used for?

Ans: Ganong’s potometer is used to measure the rate of water intake
by a plant.

(c) What is the role played by the air bubble in this experiment?
Ans: As the water from the twig is lost, a suction force is created,
which draws the water from the beaker and causes the bubble in the
capillary tube to travel forward. The volume of water lost in a
particular period would be determined from the readings on the
capillary tube.

(d) What is the use of the reservoir?

Ans: The use of the reservoir is to open the stop cock and let the
water into the capillary tube.
(e) What happens to the movement of the air bubble if the apparatus
is kept: Give a reason in each case.
(i) In the dark
Ans: There will be no transpiration if the device is maintained in the
dark since the stomata will be closed. As a result, the air bubble
would have no movement and would remain stationary.

(ii) In sunlight
Ans: The stomata are open throughout the day to allow CO2 to
diffuse inside for photosynthesis. They are closed at night. As a
result, there is increased transpiration during the day. The stomata
are partly closed and transpiration is decreased when it is overcast
throughout the day. As a result, the air bubble would travel faster
since there would be more water lost through transpiration.

(iii) In front of a fan

Ans: The rate of transpiration will be higher if the equipment is
placed in front of a fan. As a result, the air bubble would travel faster
since there would be greater water loss due to transpiration as the
wind/air velocity increased.

3. Given ahead is the diagram of an experimental set up to study the

process of transpiration in plants. Study the same and then answer
the questions that follow:
(a) Name the colour of dry cobalt chloride paper.
Ans: The colour of dry cobalt chloride paper is blue.

(b) Is the experimental leaf a monocot or a dicot? Give a reason to

support your answer.
Ans: Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf's epidermal layer. Two bean-
shaped guard cells surround each stomata. A dicot leaf's underside
allows for more transpiration. The underside of a dicot leaf has more
stomatal openings, resulting in higher transpiration.

(c) Why are glass slides placed over the dry cobalt chloride papers?
Ans: Glass slides are mounted on the top of the dried cobalt chloride
sheets to keep the strips in place.

(d) After about half an hour what change, if any, would you expect to
find in the cobalt chloride paper placed on the dorsal and ventral
sides of the leaf? Give a reason to support your answer.
Ans: After about half an hour we observe that,
1. The water vapour condensed on its inner walls.
2. The second bell jar (B) would similarly demonstrate condensation,
and the initially blue cobalt chloride paper in it would change pink at
the same time.

4. An outline sketch of a tree is shown in a diagram below. Study the

same and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name and define the phenomenon labelled A in the diagram.

Ans: The phenomenon labelled A is Transpiration.
The evaporation of water from plants, particularly leaves, is known
as transpiration. It spreads via the plant's leaves and other elements.
It occurs when the stomata of the leaves remain open

(b) Write the significance of the process mentioned in A for the

plants.
Ans: The significance of the transpiration is-
  As the evaporation of water lowers the temperature of the leaf
surface, transpiration has a cooling impact on the plant body.
 Transpiration aids sap ascent by creating a suction force that
acts from the plant's top.
 Water and mineral salts are distributed throughout the plant
body through transpiration.
 Excess water is removed by transpiration.

(c) What do the direction of arrows in B and C indicate? Name the

phenomenon.
Ans: Lenticular transpiration/ascent of sap is indicated by arrow B as
water passes up the trunk. Water absorbed by roots from the soil is
shown by arrow C, and the phenomenon is known as endosmosis.
Endosmosis is the process through which water molecules enter a
cell. Water passing from root hair cells to cortical cells of the root is
an example.

(d) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of an opened stomata.

Ans:
5. The figure given below represents an experimental setup with a
weighing machine to demonstrate a particular process in plants. The
experimental setup was placed in bright sunlight. Study the diagram
and answer the following questions.
(a) Name the process intended for study.
Ans: Transpiration is the process intended for study.

(b) Define the above mentioned process

Ans: Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour
from the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.

(c) When the weight of the test tubes A and B is taken before and
after the experiment, what change is observed? Justify.
Ans: When test tube A's weight was measured before the
experiment, it was higher than when it was measured after the
experiment. As a result of transpiration, the water in test tube A has
evaporated.

As no water is lost in test tube B, the weight of the tube remains

constant before and after the experiment. This is due to the fact that
oil is accumulating on the test tube.

(d) What is the purpose of keeping the test tube B in the

experimental setup?
Ans: The purpose of keeping the test tube B in the experimental
setup is that this makes the observation of the change in test tube A
easy.

6. An apparatus as shown below was set up to investigate a

physiological process in plants. The setup was kept in sunlight for
two hours. Droplets of water were then seen inside the bell jar.
Answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the process being studied.

Ans: The process is shown in the figure above is transpiration.

(b) Explain the process named above in (a).

Ans: The evaporation of water from plants, particularly leaves, is
known as transpiration. It spreads via the plant's leaves and other
elements. It occurs when the stomata of the leaves remain open

(c) Why was the pot covered with a plastic sheet?

Ans: The pot is covered with a plastic sheet to prevent evaporation of
water from the soil.

(d) Suggest a suitable control for this experiment.

Ans: A control for this experiment will be an empty polythene bag
with its mouth tied.

(e) Mention two ways in which this process is beneficial to plants.

Ans: Transpiration is beneficial to plants in the following ways:
 It creates a suction force in the stem that helps the roots to
absorb water and minerals.
 It helps in cooling the plant in hot weather.

(f) List three adaptations in plants to reduce the above mentioned

process.
Ans: The three adaptations in plants to reduce the above mentioned
process are-
 The leaves may be converted into spines such as cactus
whereas pine leaves can be changed into needles.
 Stomata are reduced in quantity and may be submerged in pits.
 Leaves may be rolled up or folded.

7. The apparatus shown in the following diagram is Garreau’s

potometer designed to demonstrate unequal transpiration from the
two surfaces of a dorsiventral leaf. Before keeping the leaf in
between the cups, anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl ) contained in
2

two small vials were weighed and placed in both the cups. The ends
of the cups were closed with corks through which two mercury
manometers were connected. After few hours, CaCl vials were taken
2

out and weighed again.

(a) What is the purpose of keeping CaCl vials inside the cup?
2

Ans: The purpose of keeping CaCl vials inside the cup is to absorb
2

water.

(b) After few hours CaCl vials were taken out and weighed again. Will
2

you expect any difference in weight? If so, give reason.

Ans: Yes, there is a difference in weight. After a few hours the weight
of the CaCl2 vials will increase because they will absorb water lost by
the leaf of the plant due to transpiration.

(c) What is the purpose of using a manometer?

Ans: The purpose of using the manometer is that it measures the
pressure exerted by the fluid.

(d) What do you mean by transpiration?

Ans: Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour
from the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.