Electric Drives

 Drive: System meant for mechanical motion control

 Electric Drive: A Drive with electric motor
 Industrial applications : Cutting machine, Drilling
machine, Punching Machine, Rolling Mills, Paper
Industry, Fan, Pump, Lathe, Conveyor belt, Hoist, Lift,
Crane, Robot, Train, textile mills, fans, pumps, robots and
washing, Drills etc.
Domestic Applications: Fans, Pumps, Mixers, Juicers,
Grinders, Washing Machine, Air Coolers, Air
Conditioners, Refrigerator, Hair Driers, Trimmer, etc.
Industrial EDs
Domestic Electrical Drive: Fan
 Electric Drives
Electrical drive, first designed by
B.S.Lakobi, Russian in 1838
He tested a DC electric motor supplied
from a storage battery to propel a boat
 After 1870, the industrial adaptation
took place
Cutting Machine Models
Electric Drive Unit/System: Open loop
Electric Drive Unit/System: Closed loop
ED with all Control Possibilities
 Advantages of Electrical Drive
• Very large range of torque, speed and power
• Working is independent of the environmental
condition
• Long life
• Operate on all possible quadrants of speed torque
plane: Smooth Regenerative Braking
• The drive can easily be started and it does not require
any refueling: free from pollution, Noise free, less
maintenance
• The efficiency of the drives is high because fewer losses
occur on it b’coz of no wear and tear in the Power
Modulator
 Disadvantages of Electrical Drive
• Power failure disables the whole system
• Application of the drive is limited because it cannot use
in a place where the power supply is not available
• Can cause noise pollution, if inductor is present
• Initial cost of the system is high
• Poor dynamic response
• Output power obtained from the drive is low
• During the breakdown of conductors or short circuit,
the system may get damaged due to which several
problems occur
 Types of loads
• Electrical Loads
– R, L, and C laods
– Single phase/Three phase loads
– Industrial, Commercial, Residential Loads
– Load in kVA, kW, HP
• Mechanical Load
– Direct Motion Load
– Translational Motion Load
Dynamics of Motor-load System
Dynamics of Motor-load System
Multi-Quadrant Operation of Drive
A Drive with Hoist Op
 Conditions and Assumptions
• Counter weight is more compared to empty
Cage weight
• Loaded cage wt. is more compared to Counter
wt.
• Acceleration is considered as positive
• Deceleration as negative
 First Quadrant Operation
• Loaded Cage weight > Counter Weight
• Aim is to hoist the loaded cage
• Motor must rotate in ACWD(Ref): Speed is +ve
• Motor Torque(Force)
Must be in ACWD(Ref)
to Accelerate the
Motion Tm is +ve
 Second Quadrant Operation
• Counter Weight > Empty Cage weight
• Aim: To control the in-volunteer motion of
hoist due to Counter Wt.
• Motor must rotate in ACWD: Speed is +ve
• Motor Torque(F=ma),
‘a’ must be in CWD to
Decelerate the motion
Tm is -ve
 Third Quadrant Operation
• Counter Weight > Empty Cage weight
• Aim is to move the Empty Cage downward
• Motor must rotate in CWD: Speed is –ve (Ref:
ACWD)
• Motor Torque(F=ma)
must be in CWD to
Accelerate the motion
Tm is –ve (Ref: ACWD)
 Fourth Quadrant Operation
• Loaded Cage weight > Counter Weight
• Aim: To control the in-volunteer motion of
loaded Cage moving downward
• Motor must rotate in CWD: Speed is -ve
• Motor Torque(Force)
must be in ACWD to
Decelerate the motion
Tm is +ve
 Steady State and Transient Stability
Equilibrium speed and Stability terminology

–Equilibrium speed: Speed at which

Tm=Tl
–Stability: Capacity of developing
forces to restore equilibrium after a
small disturbance
 Steady State and Transient Stability
Types of Disturbances

–Two types
• Slow Changes from state of
equilibrium: relates to steady state
stability
• Sudden & fast changes from the
equilibrium state: relates to
transient stability
Steady State and Transient Stability
•let the disturbance causes a
reduction of Δωm in speed.
At new speed Tm>Tl,
Therefore, motor will
accelerate and operation will
be restored to A.
•Let, an increase of Δωm in
speed caused by disturbance
will make Tl>Tm, resulting into
deceleration and restoration of
operation to point A. Hence,
the drive is steady state stable
at point A
Steady State and Transient Stability
A decrease in the speed
causes the Tl>Tm, drive
decelerates and
operating point moves
away from B.
Similarly, when speed
increases, Tm>Tl, that
will move the operating
point away from B. Thus,
B is an unstable point of
equilibrium.
Characteristics of DC Motors
Characteristics of AC Motors-
Induction Motors
IM Load, ABB SCIMs
Characteristics of AC Motors-
Synchronous Motor
 Speed control methods of DC motor
• Flux control method
• Armature control method
• Supply Voltage Control Method
• Series-parallel control
Speed control methods of DC motor
 Induction Motor Speed Control
Methods
• Control From Stator Side
• Control From Rotor Side
• Speed Control by frequency variation
• Speed Control By Pole Changing
• Speed control by varying Supply voltage
• Speed control by varying Rotor Resistance
• Speed control by injected EMF
• Speed control by Cascade Connection
Torque of Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor Speed Control
Methods