Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation In Motive Power,
Illumination, Heating & Cooling Systems,
Pumping Systems, Thermal Power Stations And
Transmission & Distribution Sector.
Cogeneration &Waste Heat Recovery Systems
Energy Conservation in Motive Power
 DC Motor

DC Motor DC Motor Rotor

Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor

Ns=120f/P
 Synchronous Motor

Applications :Robot actuators, Ball mills, clocks, record player

turntables, make use of synchronous motors.
Stepper Motors
 Types of Motor
• Induction Motor
In induction
motors, the
induced magnetic
field of the stator
winding induces a
current in the rotor. This induced rotor current
produces a second magnetic field, which tries to
oppose the stator magnetic field, and this causes the
rotor to rotate. The 3-phase squirrel cage motor is the
workhorse of industry
Induction Motor
Induction Motor
 Types of Motor
• Direct Current Motor
Use direct-unidirectional, current. Direct
current motors are used in special
applications- where high torque
starting or where smooth
Acceleration over a
broad speed range is
required.
DC Motor
Stepper Motor
 Types of Motor
• Synchronous Motor
• AC power is fed to the stator
of the synchronous motor.
The rotor is fed by DC from a
separate source. The rotor
magnetic field locks onto the
stator rotating magnetic field
and rotates at the same
speed. The speed of the
rotor is a function of the
supply frequency and the
number of magnetic poles in
the stator
 Motor Characteristic
Motor Speed:
• The speed of an AC motor depends on the frequency of
the input power and the number of poles for which the
motor is wound.
120  Frequency
Synchronous Speed (RPM) 
No. of Poles
• Indian motors have synchronous speeds like 3000 /
1500 / 1000 / 750 / 600 / 500 / 375 RPM
corresponding to no. of poles being 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
16 (always even) and given the mains frequency of 50
cycles / sec
 Motor Characteristic
Slip:

Synchronous Speed – Full Load Rated Speed

Slip (%)  100
Synchronous Speed

Power Factor:
kW
Power Factor  cos 
kVA
 Power Factor
As the load on the motor comes down, the
magnitude of the active current reduces.
However, there is no corresponding reduction
in the magnetizing current, which is
proportional to supply voltage with the result
that the motor power factor reduces, with a
reduction in applied load.
 Energy Conservation in Motive Power

Pout PLoss
  1
Pin PIn
Actual Operating Load of the Motor
Motor Loading %  100
Rated Capacity of the Motor
 Determining Motor Loading
• By input power measurement
1. Measure Pi by inline power meter
2. Note the rated kW and efficiency from the motor
name plate
3. The figures of kW mentioned in the name plate is
for output conditions. So corresponding input
power at full-rated load
Name Plate full rated kW
Pir 
 fl
• The percentage loading can now be calculated
as follows
Pi
Load   100
Pir
 Example
• Example
• The nameplate details of a motor are given as
power = 15 kW, efficiency η = 0.9. Using a power
meter the actual three phase power drawn is
found to be 8 kW. Find out the loading of the
motor.
• Input power at full-rated power in kW,
• Pir = 15 /0.9 = 16.7 kW
• Percentage loading = 8/16.7 = 48 %
Energy Saving Opportunities in Motor
1. Stopping idle running of motor
2. Matching motor with driven load
3. Improving drive transmission efficiency
(i.e. replacing ‘V’ belt with flat belt )
4. More use of efficient motor
5. Don’t use oversized motor
6. Proper monitoring and control
7. Use of variable speed drive (VSD)
8. Operating in star mode if motor consistently
operate at loads below 40% of rated capacity.
 Variable Speed Drive
• The speed of driven load needs to be varied according to
the operation it is performing.
• Different methods of Speed control are –
1. Mechanical ( Belt Driven, Chain driven, gear box
driven, idler wheels driven)
2. Magnetic (Eddy current driven, magnetic coupling
drive)
3. Hydraulic (Hydraulic pump motor drive, fluid
coupling drive)
4. Electrical (DC drive, AC drive –Slip control and
variable freq drive)
 Variable Speed Drive
• Conventional methods give step variation in
speed
• Motor speed is varied with frequency and
voltage of supply such drive is known as
variable frequency drive (VFD).

Step less variation

of speed Stepped variation of speed
 Energy Conservation in Illumination
System
• Energy consumed for illumination
is almost 20% of the total energy.
• Energy use and cost should be reduced
significantly by installing energy efficient lighting
system, which use less energy and provide better
lighting quality and thus lead to improved
working environment.
• Productivity often increase because of the
improvements in visibility and environment
brought in by well-designed energy-efficient
system
 Concept of Lighting System
i. Quantity of light
ii. Quality of light
iii. Lamp technologies
iv. Ballast technologies
v. Luminaries
vi. Controls
vii. maintenance
 Quantity of Light

• Luminance from light source is measured in

lumens.
• Quantity of light that falls on a work surface,
called illuminance, is measured in lux or foot-
candles.
• The lux (lx) = 1 lumen/sq.m
• The foot-candle (fc) = 1 lumen/ sq.ft
• A light meter can be used to measure the
illuminance.
 Quality of Light
• Some parameters:
– Veiling reflection
– Glare – is sensation to eyes (extra brightness)
– Color – color required for particular work
– Flicker – if magnetic ballast is used, FL turns on
and off 100 times in 1 sec, for 50Hz system.
 Lamp Technologies
• Incandescent Lamp
• Fluorescent lamps
• Compact fluorescent lamps CFL
• LED
• High intensity discharge lamp (HID)
– Mercury vapor lamp, metal halide, high pressure
sodium lamp.
 Lamp Technologies
• Types of Ballast (Electronic or magnetic)
– Preheat the lamp electrodes (less eff, flickering @
start, electrodes are preheated)
– Rapid start (less eff, smooth start, long life,
electrodes heated prior to and during operation)
– Instant start (more eff, short lamp life, high open
circuit voltage across unheated electrodes to
initiate the arc discharge)
 Lamp Technologies
• Higher the ballast efficiency, higher is lighting
sys eff.
• Ballast factor, lower the ballast factor lower is
input power required and higher the efficiency
 Lighting Control
• Electrical Energy (kWh) consumed by the
lighting system can be reduced by
– Reducing the lighting power (kW)
– Reducing the time of use.
• Operating hours can be reduced by
1. Switching
2. Occupancy sensor
3. Scheduling controls
4. photocells
 Control Strategies
• Dimming, daylight harvesting, and lumen
depreciation compensation are the three
major control strategies used to reduced
lighting energy
 Maintenance of Lighting System
• The light output of lighting system decreases
over time.
• Improved maintenance practices can reduce
the light loss and allow reduction in energy
use
• Planned maintenance should incorporate
cleaning, re-lamping, and replacement of
defective components
 Maintenance of Lighting System
• An effective maintenance plan should address
four recoverable light loss factor:
1. Lamp burnout factor
2. Lamp lumen depreciation
3. Luminaire dirt depreciation
4. Room surface dirt depreciation
• Proper maintenance is the most effective
way of reducing overall cost of lighting.
 EC in Pumping system.
• There are many opportunities available in
Pumping system.
• In electrical machine loading depends upon the
many factors
• Type of electrical machine implemented
• Matching Pump and System Head-flow
Characteristics
• Over sizing the pump
• Using New efficient designs etc.
 EC Opportunities in Pumping Systems
• Ensure adequate NPSH (Net positive suction
head) at site of installation
• Ensure availability of basic instruments at pumps
like pressure gauges, flow meters.
• Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
• Modify pumping system and pumps losses to
minimize throttling.
• Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed
drives or sequenced control of multiple units.
• Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start
for an on-line spare or add a booster pump in the
problem area.
• Use booster pumps for small loads requiring
higher pressures.
• Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce
pumping rates in case of heat exchangers.
• Repair seals and packing to minimize water loss
by dripping.
• Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce
pump power requirements.
• Avoid pumping head with a free-fall return
(gravity); Use siphon effect to advantage
• Conduct water balance to minimize water
consumption
• Avoid cooling water re-circulation in DG sets,
air compressors, refrigeration systems, cooling
towers feed water pumps, condenser pumps
and process pumps.
 EC in Thermal power plant
• Energy can be conserved in many areas of a
thermal power plant.
• EC can be done in case of different types of
water circulating pumps and air circulating
blowers and fans, coal crushing mills etc.
 Typical Saving Measure Areas in Power Plants

• Trimming of steam parameters (live steam, extraction and back-

pressure steam, feed water tank pressure, feed water valve
pressure difference, etc.)

• High and low-pressure pre-heater problems

• Optimal operation of reduction stations and auxiliary condensers

• Heat recovery to save steam or maximize power production

• Preheating of fuels, air and make-up water to increase plant

efficiency
Typical Saving Measure Areas in Power Plants

• Changes in turbine extraction steams to produce

more electricity
• Optimization of boiler blow downs and soot
blows
• Energy savings of auxiliary equipment, such as
pumps and fans
• Replacing more expensive energy consumed with
less expensive energy when applicable (electricity
replaced with steam, steam replaced with hot
water, etc.)
• Recycling exhaust water back to process
Typical Saving Measure Areas in Power Plants

Extra income without investments:

• Many proposed actions can be implemented without

investments, by changing drive parameters or methods
• Many actions result in additional production of electricity, not
necessary energy savings
• The most important result is improved efficiency and/or
improvement of power-to-heat ratio
• Power plant energy audits pay work costs back during the
project and usually result in huge cost savings
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS
ENERGY CONSERVATION RELATED TO
PUMPS USED IN THERMAL POWER
STATIONS
 Single or
Volute Type
multi stage
Centrifugal
Radial
Diffuser Type
Semi Axial
Rotodynamic
Mixed

Axial Pump
Propeller

Piston
Positive
Pumps Reciprocating
Displacement
Plunger
Gear

Screw
Rotory
Sliding Vanes

Rotor

Classification Of Pumps
 PUMPS IN POWER PLANTS

• High Capacity Pumps: Boiler Feed Pumps,

Condensate Pumps, Cooling water Pumps, Raw
water Pumps, etc.
• Medium Capacity Pumps:- Ash Handling, Coal
Handling, WT Plant, etc.
• Low Capacity Pumps:- Small Lub oil Pumps,
Chemical Dozing Pumps etc,
 Energy Conservation in Pump Motors
• Properly size to the load for optimum efficiency.
(High efficiency motors offer of 4 - 5% higher
efficiency than standard motors)
• Use energy-efficient motors where economical.
• Use synchronous motors to improve power factor.
• Check alignment.
• Provide proper ventilation (For every 100 C
increase in motor operating temperature over
recommended peak, the motor life is estimated to
be halved)
 Energy Conservation in Pump Motors

• Check for under-voltage and over-voltage

conditions.
• Balance the three-phase power supply. (An
imbalanced voltage can reduce 3 - 5% in
motor input power)
• Demand efficiency restoration after motor
rewinding. (If rewinding is not done properly,
the efficiency can be reduced by 5 - 8%).
 Energy Conservation in Pump Motor Drives
• Use variable-speed drives for large variable
loads.
• Use high-efficiency gear sets.
• Use precision alignment.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable-pitch pulleys.
• Use flat belts as alternatives to v-belts.
• Use synthetic lubricants for large gearboxes.
• Eliminate eddy current couplings.
• Shut them off when not needed.
 Energy conservation in Pumps
• Operate pumping near best efficiency point.
• Modify pumping to minimize throttling.
• Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed
drives or sequenced control of smaller units.
• Stop running both pumps -- add an auto-start for
an on-line spare or add a booster pump in the
problem area.
• Use booster pumps for small loads requiring
higher pressures.
 Energy conservation in Pumps
• Increase fluid temperature differentials to
reduce pumping rates.
• Repair seals and packing to minimize water
waste.
• Balance the system to minimize flows and
reduce pump power requirements.
• Use siphon effect to advantage: don't waste
pumping head with a free-fall (gravity) return.
 Compressed Air
•Compressed air is very energy intensive. Only 5% of
electrical energy is converted to useful energy. Use of
compressed air for cleaning is rarely justified.
•Ensure low temperature of inlet air. Increase in inlet air
temperature by 3°C increases power consumption by 1%.
•It should be examined whether air at lower pressure can
be used in the process. Reduction in discharge pressure by
10% saves energy consumption upto 5%.
•A leakage from a ½” diameter hole from a compressed air
line working at a pressure of 6.5kg/cm2 can drain almost
Rs. 2500 per day.
 Lighting conservation in two areas
of power plant
a. Operational Area
b. Office / Service Area & street Lighting
• Use of CFL lamp in place of GLS lamp can save energy upto
70%.

• Clean the lamps and fixtures regularly. Illumination levels fall

by 20-30% due to collection of dust.

• Use of sodium vapour lamps for area lighting in place of

mercury vapour lamps saves electricity upto 40%.
 TG Floor 15 meters
BEFORE AFTER
 66kV Switchgear Room
BEFORE AFTER
BEFORE AFTER
 Water Treatment Plant
BEFORE AFTER
BEFORE AFTER