Design of experiments (DOE)

Steps
Define problem
Define experimental objectives
Select factors that influence quality
Select control & noise factors
Select levels for factors
Select orthogonal arrays
Select interactions
Conduct tests
Analyze results
Design of experiments (DOE)
Breadmaking problem:

Level
Factor 1 2
1. flour21/3 cups all-purpose 21/3 cups special
2. sugar 2 Tsp 21/2 Tsp
3. salt 1 tsp 1/2 tsp
4. butter 1 Tsp 1 Tsp margarine
5. milk 1 cup homogenized 1 cup low-fat
6. dry yeast 1 tsp brand A 1 tsp brand B
Design of experiments (DOE)
How many loaves of bread to get "best" set of
ingredients?

6 factors, each w/ 2 levels ––> 26 = 64!

Taguchi method (Genechi Taguchi) says only a

few needed
Design of experiments (DOE)
Testing methods

Factors and factor levels

Trial A B C D
1. 1 1 1 1
2. 2 1 1 1
3. 1 2 1 1
4. 1 1 2 1
5. 1 1 1 2
Design of experiments (DOE)
Testing methods

Factors and factor levels

Trial A B C
1. 1 1 1
2. 1 2 2
3. 2 1 2
4. 2 2 1

Better…….."orthogonal"
Standard L4 orthogonal array
Design of experiments (DOE)
Which OA to use? Depends on:
# of factors & interactions
# of levels for each factor

Use L4, L8(7 factors), L12(11 factors), L16(15

factors),…..OAs - determined by # trials to be
run

# of levels usually 2 or 3
Design of experiments (DOE)
Some factors may interact. Then:

Factors and factor levels

Trial A B C(=AxB)
1. 1 1 1
2. 1 2 2
3. 2 1 2
4. 2 2 1