WORKSHOP # 4: REVIEW FOR THE FINAL

EXAM
BY MILAGROS HURTADO SALAZAR
 VERB TO BE

CATEGORY PRONOUN (SUBJECT)

First Category (First person) I
Second Category (Second YOU, WE, THEY, YOU(PLURAL)
person)
Third Category (Third person) HE, SHE, IT
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1 am 1 was
2 are 2 were
3 is 3 was
 PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
* Only if the subject belongs to the first or second category
 Subject + verb (base form)+ Complement (object place time)
* Only if the subject belongs to the third category
 Subject + verb (add –s, -es, -ies) + Complement (object place time)
NEGATIVE FORM
 Subject + don’t/doesn’t +verb (base form) + Complement
INTERROGATIVE FORM
 Do/Does (Don’t) + subject + verb (base form) + Complement + ?
 USES OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT
When we use the simple present?
* For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
 I take the train to the office.
* For facts.
 A dog has four legs.
* For habits.
 Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
* For things that are always / generally true.
 It rains a lot in winter.
 PRESENT CONTINOUS
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
 Subject + to be + verb (add –ing) + Complement (object place time)
NEGATIVE FORM
 Subject + to be (not) + verb (-ing) + Complement
INTERROGATIVE FORM
 To be + subject + verb (-ing) + Complement + ?
 USES OF THE PRESENT CONTINOUS
When we use the present continous?
* To express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening
now.
 You are learning English now.
 You are not swimming now.
* To say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in
progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
 I am studying to become a doctor.
* To indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
 I am meeting some friends after work.
 STATIVE VERBS
VERBS NOT USED IN CONTINOUS PRESENT
Mental State Condition Perception
Believe Like Remember Belong Feel* (The floor feels cold).
Think* Love Forget Own Smell* (The fish smells spoiled).
Know Need Have* Taste* (The milk tastes sour).
Seem Prefer Owe Hear
Understand Want Cost See
wish Mean
Resemble
*Only when it means believe. *Only when it means own *Only when used intransitively,
as illustrated.
 PAST SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
 Subject + verb (past form)+ Complement (object place time)
NEGATIVE FORM
 Subject + didn’t + verb (base form) + Complement
INTERROGATIVE FORM
 Did + subject + verb (base form) + Complement + ?
 USES OF THE PAST SIMPLE
When we use the simple past?
*To express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the
speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 Did you have dinner last night?
* To list a series of completed actions in the past.
 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
* To be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
 I lived in Brazil for two years.
* To describe a habit which stopped in the past. we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,
never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
 I studied French when I was a child.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.
 PAST CONTINOUS

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
 Subject + to be (past form) + verb (-ing)+ Complement (object
place time)
NEGATIVE FORM
 Subject + to be (past form in negative) + verb (-ing) +
Complement
INTERROGATIVE FORM
 To be (past form) + subject + verb (-ing) + Complement + ?
 USES OF THE PAST CONTINOUS
When we use the past continous?
* To indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in
the Simple Past.
 I was watching TV when she called.
* For something that happened before and after a particular time
 It was eight o’clock. I was writing a letter.
* With two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the
same time. The actions are parallel.
 I was studying while he was making dinner.
* For something that was happening again and again
 I was practising every day, three times a day.
* With verbs which show change or growth
 The children were growing up quickly.
 Her English was improving.
 My hair was going grey.
 The town was changing quickly.
 PRESENT PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
 Subject + have/has + verb (past participle form)+ Complement
(object place time)
NEGATIVE FORM
 Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + verb (past participle form) +
Complement (When you use have/has never is the same as the
negative form)
INTERROGATIVE FORM
 Have/Has + subject + verb (past participle form) +
Complement + ?
 USES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
When we use the present perfect?
* To say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not
important. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never,
once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
 I have seen that movie twenty times.
* To describe your experience.
 I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been
there once, or several times.
* To talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
* To list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
* To say that an action which we expected has not happened.
 James has not finished his homework yet.
*To talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times.
 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT
* Just means immediately before speaking. (Subject + have/has + just + verb (past
participle) + complement)
* Already emphasizes the completion of an action at a time sooner tan expected by the
hearer. (Subject + have/has + already + verb (past participle) + complement)
* Yet, with a negative, suggests a time later than expected. (Subject + haven’t/hasn’t +
verb (past participle) + complement + yet)
* Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far,
up to now, etc.
 NOTICE
 "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the
year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the
last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires Present Perfect.
 Examples:
 I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
 POSSIBILITY
AND CERTAINTY
I’M SURE OF IT:
IT MUST BE

I’M SURE IT’S NOT:

IT CAN’T BE

PERHAPS IT’S:
IT MIGHT BE
IT COULD BE
 COMPARATIVES VS SUPERLATIVES
COMPARATIVES
ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
Add -er for the comparative. If the adjective has a
consonant + single vowel + consonant spelling,
the final consonant must be doubled before
adding the ending. (Ex. Tall taller, big bigger) +
than
TWO SYLLABLES
These adjectives form the superlative either by
adding -er or by preceeding the adjective
with more. For adjectives ending in y, change the
y to an i before adding the ending. (Ex. Happy
happier, tangled more tangled) + than
THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the
comparative by putting more in front. (
important more important) + than
SUPERLATIVES
ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
Add -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a
consonant + single vowel + consonant spelling,
the final consonant must be doubled before
adding the ending. (Ex. Tall the tallest, big the
biggest)
TWO SYLLABLES
These adjectives form the superlative either by
adding -est or by preceeding the adjective
with most. For adjectives ending in y, change the
y to an i before adding the ending. (Ex. Happy the
happiest, tangled the most tangled)
THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the
superlative by putting most in front. ( important
the most important)
Irregular comparatives and superlatives

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Good better Best
Bad worse Worst
Little less Least
Much more most
far further/farther furthest/farthest
 PRESENT PASSIVE

Australians SPEAK English.

English IS SPOKEN by Australians.
STRUCTURE:
(+) Object (subject) + to be (present simple form - conjugate) + verb (past participle form)
+ subject (object)
(-) Object (subject) + to be (present simple form in negative) + verb (past participle form) +
subject (object)
(?) To be (present simple form - conjugate) + object (subject) + verb (past participle form)
+ subject (object) + ?
PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE

PRESENT PERFECT:
 Since + a point in the past
 For + a lenght of time

PAST SIMPLE:
 In, On, At
 A lenght of time + ago
 Past continous vs past simple

PAST SIMPLE:
 Tell us about events that happened
PAST CONTINOUS:
 Tell us what was happening around the time of those events

 WHILE + PAST CONTINOUS + , + PAST CONTINOUS

 WHEN + PAST SIMPLE + , + PAST CONTINOUS
 PAST CONTINOUS + , + WHEN + PAST SIMPLE
 USED TO
USED TO (VERB) SHOWS SOMETHING WAS TRUE IN THE PAST BUT NOT NOW
AFFIRMATIVE
(A POINT IN THE PAST) + SUBJECT + USED TO + VERB (BASE FORM) +
COMPLEMENT
NEGATIVE
(A POINT IN THE PAST) + SUBJECT + DIDN’T USE TO + VERB (BASE FORM) +
COMPLEMENT
INTERROGATIVE
(A POINT IN THE PAST) + , + DID + SUBJECT + USE TO + VERB (BASE FORM) +
COMPLEMENT + ?
 TOO AND ENOUGH

TOO + ADJECTIVE (NEGATIVE MEANING)

 ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
BELOW, OPPOSITE, NEXT TO, FACING THE, ABOVE, ON
TOP OF, BEHIND, BETWEEN, IN, ON, INSIDE, BEYOND
IT IS A RULE HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO
IF YOU WANT CAN / CAN’T

MODAL VERBS
PERMISSION: CAN OBLIGATION: HAVE TO
+ I can vote. + You have to take a tent.
She can vote. She has to take a tent.
- You can’t vote. - You don’t have to take a tent.
We can’t vote. He doesn’t have to take a tent.
? Can he vote? ? Do I have to take a tent?
Can they vote? Does she have to take a tent?

HAVE TO HAD TO (PAST) DIDN’T HAVE TO HAVE TO

(PAST) (PRESENT)
 ADVERBS

RULES:
 Add –ly (perfect – perfectly)
 Change y to –i and add –ly (noisy – noisily)
 For adjectives ending in le, take off –e and add –ly (comfortable – comfortably)
 Some adjectives don’t change when they become adverbs: fast early, hard, late.
 The adverb from good is well.
 Lately, actually
 ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE
ACTIVE VOICE
S + V (base form/conjugate) + O
She sends 30 messages.
PASSIVE VOICE
O (S) + TO BE (PRESENT FORM) + VERB (PAST
PARTICIPLE) + (BY S (O))
30 messages are sent (by her).
PAST SIMPLE
ACTIVE VOICE
S + V (past form) + O
A.Fleming discovered the Pennicillim.
PASSIVE VOICE
O (S) + TO BE (PAST FORM) + VERB (PAST
PARTICIPLE) + (BY S (O))
The Pennicillim was discovered by A. Fleming.