SHAFT POWER GENERATION

Presented by:
Prabhleen Kaur
L-2017-AE-44-BIV
B.Tech 3rd Year (Agri. Engg.)
College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology
Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana 141004
Contents:

■ Shaft and types of shaft

■ Shaft power
■ Biomass conversion technologies
■ Use of biomass as a fuel
■ Rankine Cycle and otto cycle
■ Power generation through biomass
Contents:

■ Shaft power from different biofuels

■ CHP and Biomass CHP
■ Feedstock for biomass cogeneration system
 Shaft

■ Rotating machine element circular in cross section

■ Used to transmit the power
■ Receives the power
■ Pulleys and gears are mounted

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)
 Transmission shafts
■ Used to transmit power between the source and the
machine absorbing power
■ Example-counter shafts,line shafts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)
Machine shafts

■ Integral part of the machine itself

■ Example-crankshaft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)
 Shaft Power

■ The energy of a rotating shaft

■ Amount of energy available depends on
the flywheel of the shaft
the power which makes the shaft rotate
■ Also called mechanical energy or rotational energy

http://www.fao.org/3/u2246e/u2246e02.htm
 Power from shaft formula
■ P=T.ω
P= 2 π.N.T watts
60
where P=power transmitted(watts)
T=torque produced(Nm)
ω=angular velocity(rad/sec)
N=speed of shaft (rpm)

https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/strength-of-materials/9789332514829/xhtml/ch6sec6.xhtml
 Shaft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_engineering)
 Biomass conversion
techniques
Thermochemical Bio-chemical

Combustion Digestion

Pyrolysis
Fermentation
Gasification

https://www.slideshare.net/aslam55/biomass-conversion-technologies
Use of biomass as a fuel

■ External Combustion Engines-Rankine cycle

■ Internal Combustion Engines-Otto Cycle
 Rankine cycle

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Rankine_cycle
 Otto Cycle

https://engineeringinsider.org/otto-cycle-processes/
Power generation through biomass

■ During combustion the chemical energy of bio fuel

are converting into
the heat of steam
■ Shaft power
■ Electricity generation

http://www.i15.p.lodz.pl/strony/EIC/res/Description_of_technology_bi
omass_power.html
Shaft power from Biomass
• For external engines:
 Combusting the biomass directly
• For internal engines:
 Biogas
 Producer gas
 Ethanol

https://farm-energy.extension.org/biogas-utilization-and-cleanup/
Units for Shaft Power

■ 𝑊𝑚 =Watt mechanical
■ 𝑊𝑡ℎ = Watt thermal
■ 𝑊𝑚 = 𝜂𝑊𝑡ℎ
where 𝜂= system efficiency
Shaft power from biomass by direct
burning
■ Calorific value of dry biomass(wood)=18 MJ/kg
or 1 kg of dry biomass=18 MJ of energy
■ 1kWh of energy= 1000 W* 3600 s
= 3.6 MJ of energy
1kWh
■ 1 kg of dry biomass=18 MJ *
3.6MJ
=5 kWh (thermal)

http://www.kominkowe.info/en/wartosc-opalowa/
Shaft power from biomass by direct
burning
■ As 𝑊𝑚 =𝜂 𝑊𝑡ℎ
■ Let 𝜂(system efficiency)=45%
■ 1 kg of dry biomass=45% of 5kWh
=2.25 kWh(mechanical)
Shaft Power from Biogas

• Calorific value of biogas=20 MJ/N𝑚3

or 1N𝑚3 of biogas gives= 20 MJ of energy
• 1kWh of energy=1000 W*3600 s
=1000 J/s *3600 s
=3.6 MJ
3 kWh
• 1N𝑚 of biogas=20 MJ *1
3.6MJ
=5.5 kWh(thermal)
https://farm-energy.extension.org/biogas-utilization-and-cleanup/
Shaft Power from Biogas

■ As 𝑊𝑚 =𝜂 𝑊𝑡ℎ
■ Let 𝜂(system efficiency)=33%
■ 1N 𝑚3 of biogas=5.5 kWh(thermal)
■ 𝑊𝑚 =33% of 5.5 kwh
=1.815kWh(mechanical)
Shaft power from Producer gas
• Calorific Value of producer gas=5 MJ/N𝑚3
or 1 N𝑚3 of producer gas=5MJ of energy
• 1 kWh of energy=3.6 MJ
3 1kwh
• 1 N 𝑚 of producer gas=5 MJ *
3.6MJ
= 1.38 kWh(thermal)
• As 𝑊𝑚 = 𝜂 𝑊𝑡ℎ
• Let 𝜂=33%

http://thermopedia.com/content/1062/
Shaft power from Producer gas

• 1N𝑚3 = 33% of 1.38 kWh

=0.4554 kWh
• 1N 𝑚3 of producer gas=0.4554 kWh(mechanical)
 Shaft power from Ethanol

■ Calorific value of Ethanol=30 MJ/kg

or 1 kg of ethanol=30 MJ of energy
■ 1 kWh of energy= 3.6 MJ
1kWh
■ 1 kg of ethanol=30 MJ*
3.6MJ
=8.33 kWh(thermal)
■ As As 𝑊𝑚 = 𝜂 𝑊𝑡ℎ
■ Let 𝜂=30%
http://thecartech.com/subjects/engine/fuel_calorific_value.htm
Shaft power from Ethanol

■ 1 kg of ethanol=30% of 8.33 kWh

=2.49 kWh(mechanical)
 Amount of Fuel Energy produced
1. 1N𝑚3 of Biogas 5.5 kWh of thermal
1.815 kwh of mechanical
2. 1N𝑚3 of producer 1.38 kWh of thermal
gas
0.4554 kWh of mechanical
3. 1 kg of Ethanol 8.33 kWh of thermal
2.49 kWh of mechanical
4. 1 kg of dry biomass 5 kWh of thermal
2.25 kWh of mechanical
 CHP-Combine Heat and Power
■ To generate multiple forms of energy-mechanical ,
thermal
■ In conventional 35% of fuel energy potential is
converted to electricity
efficiency-about 50%
■ Use both electricity and heat and therefore can
achieve an efficiency of 75%-90%
■ Also called cogeneration system
https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/prime-mover/
 Cooling/Heati
Hot Water
ng

Water
Building or
Stem Facility
Boiler Generator
Turbine
Grid

Fuel

https://www.epa.gov/chp/what-chp
 Biomass Cogeneration system

■ Also called Biomass Combine Heat And Power

System(Biomass CHP System)
■ Transform a variety of wastes into heat, electricity
and biofuels by employing a host of technology
■ Conversion routes are
generally thermochemical or biochemical

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/prime-mover/
 Feed stock for Biomass Cogeneration
system
■ Byproducts of food, fiber, and forest production such as
sawdust
rice husks
wheat straw
corn stalks
■ Forest residues and wood wastes represent a large energy
potential source
■ Energy crops are primarily produce for feedstock
hybrid poplars
switch grass
https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/prime-mover/
 References:
Slide no. Reference
4,5,6,9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_(mechanical_en
gineering)

7 http://www.fao.org/3/u2246e/u2246e02.htm

8 https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/strength-of-
materials/9789332514829/xhtml/ch6sec6.xhtml

10 https://www.slideshare.net/aslam55/biomass-
conversion-technologies

12 https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Rankine_
cycle
Slide no. Reference

13 https://engineeringinsider.org/otto-cycle-
processes/

14 http://www.i15.p.lodz.pl/strony/EIC/res/Descripti
on_of_technology_biomass_power.html

15 https://farm-energy.extension.org/biogas-
utilization-and-cleanup/

17,18 http://www.kominkowe.info/en/wartosc-opalowa/

19,20 https://farm-energy.extension.org/biogas-
utilization-and-cleanup/
Slide no. Refernce

21,22 http://thermopedia.com/content/1062/

23,24 http://thecartech.com/subjects/engine/fuel_c
alorific_value.htm

26,28,29 https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/prime-
mover/

27 https://www.epa.gov/chp/what-chp
THANK YOU