MEC 411

Mechanics of Materials

BENDING OF
STRAIGHT BEAM
NOOR LEHA ABDUL RAHMAN
T1-A18-4A
013-2977355

ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts

Bending of straight beams
 What are beams?
A structural member which is long when compared
with its lateral dimensions, subjected to transverse
forces so applied as to induce bending of the
member in an axial plane, is called a beam.

When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, stresses and

strains are created throughout the interior of the beam
To determine these stresses and strains, the internal
forces and internal couples that act on the cross sections
of the beam must be found
 BEAM TYPES

a) cantilever beam :A beam which is fixed at one of its end and the other end is free

b.simply supported beam -A beam which is freely supported at both ends. The term
'freely supported' implies that the end supports exerts only the forces upon the bar but not the moments. Therefore there is
no restraint offered to the angular rotation of the ends of the bar at the supports as the bar deflects under the loads .

c0an overhanging beam The beam freely supported at any two points and having
one or both ends projected beyond these supports

continuous beam. -A beam which is provided more than two supports

TYPES OF LOADS
 Type of support
Beams are supported on roller, hinged or fixed supports as shown in Fig.5.3
Simple Support:
If one end of the beam rests in a fixed support, the support is
known as simple support. The reaction of the simple support is
always perpendicular to the surface of support. The beam is
free to slide and rotate at the simple support. See Fig. 5.3(a).

Roller Support:
Here one end of the beam is supported on a roller. The only reaction of the roller
support is normal to the surface on which the roller rolls without friction. See Fig.
5.3 (b) in which four possible situations are illustrated.
 Hinged Support:
At the hinged support [see Fig.5.3 (c)] the beam does
not move either along or normal to its axis. The beam,
however, may rotate at the hinged support. The total
support reaction is R and its
horizontal and vertical components are H and V,
respectively. Since the beam is free to rotate at the
hinged support, no resisting moment will exist.

Fixed Support:
At the fixed support, the beam is not free to rotate or slide
along the length of the beam or in the direction normal to
the beam. Therefore, there are three reaction components,
viz., vertical reaction component (V), horizontal reaction
component (H) and the moment (M),
+ve(positive)
Sad beam is -ve
-ve(negative)
RUN —» Right side of a section Upward
force is Negative). It
SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS
A shear force (SF) is defined as the algebraic sum of all the vertical
forces, either to the left or to the right hand side of the section.

Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces

to the left or to the right of the section taken about the section

BENDING MOMENT
AT SECTION X-X= REACTION x MOMENT ARM

w
x
2
 SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS
The diagram depicting variation of bending moment and shear force
over the beam is called bending moment diagram [BMD] and shear
force diagram [SFD].
General Guidelines on Construction of SFD and BMD

1) The load, shear and bending moment diagrams should be

constructed one below the other, in that order, all with the same
horizontal scale.
2) The dimension on the beam need not be scaled but should be
relative and proportionate
3) Ordinates (i.e., BM and SF values) need not be plotted to scale
but should be relative. Curvature may need to be exaggerated for
clarity.
4) Principal ordinates (BM and SF values at salient points) should
be labeled on both SFD and BMD.
5) A clear distinction must be made on all straight lines as to
whether the line is horizontal or has a positive or negative slope.
6) The entire diagram may be shaded or hatched for clarity, if
desired.
Internal Reactions in Beams
At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal reactions required
for equilibrium:
– normal force,
– shear force,
– bending moment.
Positive Directions
Shown!!!
Left Side of Cut M

N
Pb/L V
 Finding Internal Reactions
Pick left side of the cut:
– Find the sum of all the vertical forces to the lef
t of the cut, including V. Solve for shear, V.
– Find the sum of all the horizontal forces to the
left of the cut, including N. Solve for axial
force, N. It’s usually, but not always, 0.
– Sum the moments of all the forces to the left
of the cut about the point of the cut. Include
M. Solve for bending moment, M
Pick the right side of the cut:
– Same as above, except to the right of the cut.
EXAMPLE 4.1
EXAMPLE 4.2
 EXAMPLE 4.3

The beam shown in the figure is subjected to

loading shown. Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the beam .
Draw shear and moment diagram for the beam shown in the figure
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
BENDING DEFORMATION OF STRAIGHT MEMBER
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
FLEXURAL FORMULA
 The maximum value of bending stress

where
IMI max is the largest bending moment in the beam regardless of sig
n,
c is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost point of the
cross section
Equation (5.4a) is frequently written in the form

where S = I/c is called the section modulus of the beam.

The dimension of
S is =L3, so that its units are in.3, mm3, and so on.
 P 4.7 Two vertical forces are applied to a beam of the cross section
shown. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses in portion BC of the beam

4.15 The beam shown is made of a nylon for which the allowable stress
is 24 MPa in tension and 30 MPa in compression. Determine the
largest couple M that can be applied to the beam.