CONTENTS OF A

RESEARCH REPORT

B Y : L O V E LY PA M E L A T. S E R R A N
ABSTRACT
• required between 100 and 150 words.
• It should describe the most important aspects of the study,
… including the following:
a. the problem investigated,
b. the type of subjects (sample) and data collection method
involved,
c. the analytical procedures used, and the major results and
conclusions.
INTRODUCTION
• practical and/or theoretical importance of the topic
• description of the research problem.
• It often starts by introducing the reader to the topic
• making a case for the issues being investigated
• the study could make to our understanding of the
phenomenon.
• include the working definitions of those terms used in the
study that do not have a commonly known meaning.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• describes and analyzes the published studies that have

relevance to the topic and research questions.
• should be integrated with, and weaved into, the material in
this section and not be simply cataloged.
• The review could conclude with a brief summary of the
literature and its implications.
THE RESEARCH MODEL

• The study's theoretical/conceptual model and

its hypotheses are developed based on the
researcher's logical reasoning as well as the
implications of his/her literature review.
METHODOLOGY

• description of the research sample (subjects), data

collection method, measurement instruments, and data
analysis procedures.
• describes the method used in selecting the sample or
samples. In the case of questionnaire surveys, information
on response rates also should be provided.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
• the statistical techniques that were applied to the data must be
mentioned and the results of each analysis summarized, tabulated,
and then discussed.
a. the statistical test of significance selected and applied to the data is
briefly described,
b. statement indicating whether the hypothesis was supported or not
supported.
c. Tables and figures are used to present analyses results in summary
and/or graph form and to add clarity to the presentation.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
• This section is very similar to the abstract section except
that it appears at the end of the report (preceding the
REFERENCE section).
• It summarizes the study's findings in an easy to understand
manner.
• It also explains the practical implications of those findings,
and points to recommended directions for future research
in that area.
REFERENCES
• The references section, or bibliography, lists all the sources,
alphabetically by authors' last names, that were directly
used in writing the report.
• Every source cited in the paper must be included in the
references, and every entry listed in the references must
appear in the paper.
• the APA (American Psychological Association) manual, will
give you the correct procedure for all in-text and
reference citations.
APPENDIXES
• Includes information and data pertinent to the study that either are
not important enough to be included in the main body of the
report or are too lengthy.
Examples:
a. Tests
b. questionnaires
c. cover letters
d. coding scheme,
e. print out of raw data
f. computer print-out of statistical analyses.
DOCUMENTING
YOUR RESEARCH
B Y : L O V E LY PA M E L A T. S E R R A N
ACKNOWLEDGE THE IDEAS OF OTHERS
Intellectual Property
- Honest and thorough citations are important for at least
two reasons of an author are his/her intellectual property.
a. The ideas and words of an author are his/her
intellectual property.
b. Academic scholarship is a system in which authors
publish their opinions so that they can be read by a
community of scholars.
ACKNOWLEDGE THE IDEAS OF OTHERS
Plagiarism
- is the failure to acknowledge ideas or words that
are not your own.You are plagiarizing if:
a.You insert exact words or phrases from another
author's work into your own work.
b.You use another author's ideas EVEN IF YOU PUT
THEM INTO YOUR OWN WORDS.
CITE YOUR SOURCES
FOR PRINTED RESOURCES: FOR ONLINE RESOURCES:
• Author
• Title, subtitle • URL
• Editor (if any) • Date of access
• Edition • Webmaster (if given)
• Volume • Database name (if given)
• Place of publication
(city or state name)
• Publisher
• Date of publication
• Page numbers of article
WRITING A
RESEARCH
REPORT
ANALYSE THE TASK

• What is the purpose of the report?

• Who is the audience for the report?
• What is the word limit?
• What is the topic of the report?
• What is the expected format of the report?
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
DEVELOP A ROUGH PLAN
-Write a thesis statement that clarifies
the overall purpose of your report. Jot
down anything you already know about
the topic in the relevant sections.
 WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
DO THE RESEARCH
- Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this
report. You may need to report on other research on
a particular topic or do some research of your own.
Keep referring to your analysis and rough plan while
you are doing your research to ensure that you
remain on track.
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
DRAFT THE BODY OF YOUR REPORT
a. Introduction
b. Literature review
c. Methodology
d. Results
e. Discussion
f. Conclusion
g. Recommendations
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

DRAFT THE SUPPLEMENTARY

MATERIAL
a. References or Bibliography
b. appendices
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

DRAFT THE PRELIMINARY MATERIAL

a. Title of report
b. Table of Contents
c. Abstract/Synopsis
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

POLISH YOUR REPORT

- checking your report to ensure you have
followed all of the guidelines as outlined in
your course information
10 SIMPLE RULES
OF WRITING A
L I T E R AT U R E
REVIEW
RULE 1: DEFINE A TOPIC AND
AUDIENCE
(i)interesting to you
(ii)an important aspect of the field
(iii)a well-defined issue
 RULE 2: SEARCH AND RE-SEARCH THE
LITERATURE
(i) keep track of the search items you use
(ii) keep a list of papers whose pdfs you cannot access immediately
(iii)use a paper management system (e.g., Mendeley, Papers,
Qiqqa,Sente),
(iv)define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of
irrelevant papers
(v) do not just look for research papers in the area you wish to
review, but also seek previous reviews.
RULE 2: SEARCH AND RE-SEARCH THE
LITERATURE
If there are already a few or several reviews of the literature
on your issue, his advice is not to give up, but to carry on with your
own literature review,
• (i) Discussing in your review the approaches, limitations, and
conclusions of past reviews,
• (ii) Trying to find a new angle that has not been covered adequately
in the previous reviews,
• (iii) Incorporating new material that has inevitably accumulated
since their appearance.
 RULE 2: SEARCH AND RE-SEARCH THE
LITERATURE
When searching the literature for pertinent papers and
reviews, the usual rules apply:
• (i) be thorough,
• (ii) use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP,
Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus,
Web of Science), and
• (iii) Look at who has cited past relevant papers and book
chapters.
 RULE 4: CHOOSE THE TYPE OF REVIEW
YOU WISH TO WRITE
MINI-REVIEW FULL REVIEW
• it may well attract more • more freedom to cover in detail
attention from busy readers, the complexities of a particular
although it will inevitably scientific development, but may
simplify some issues and then be left in the pile of the
leave out some relevant very important papers ‘‘to be
material due to space read’’ by readers with little time
limitation. to spare for major monographs.
RULE 5: KEEP THE REVIEW FOCUSED,
BUT MAKE IT OF BROAD INTEREST
•While focus is an important feature of a
successful review, this requirement has to
be balanced with the need to make the
review relevant to a broad audience.
RULE 6: BE CRITICAL AND
CONSISTENT
• After having read a review of the literature, a reader
should have a rough idea of:
(i) the major achievements in the reviewed field,
(ii) the main areas of debate, and
(iii) the outstanding research questions.
RULE 7: FIND A LOGICAL STRUCTURE
• a good review has a • It is generally helpful to
number of telling draw a conceptual
features: it is worth the scheme of the review,
reader’s time, timely, e.g., with mind mapping
systematic, well techniques. (diagrams &
written, focused, and figures)
critical. It also needs a
good structure.
RULE 8: MAKE USE OF FEEDBACK
• incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly
helps improve a review draft
• advisable to reread the draft one more time
before submission, as a last-minute correction
of typos, leaps, and muddled sentences
• may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and
ambiguities
RULE 9: INCLUDE YOUR OWN RELEVANT
RESEARCH, BUT BE OBJECTIVE

•a review of the literature should

neither be a public relations brochure
nor an exercise in competitive self-
denial.
RULE 10: BE UP-TO-DATE, BUT DO NOT
FORGET OLDER STUDIES
• today’s reviews of the literature need awareness not
just of the overall direction and achievements of a
field of inquiry, but also of the latest studies, so as
not to become out-of-date before they have been
published.
DIRECTION: WRITE “DEAL” IF THE GIVEN
STATEMENT IS TRUE AND “NO DEAL” IF
OTHERWISE.
_________1. Research requires a specific plan of procedure.
_________2. Research activity mustn't show ethical considerations.
_________3. Research always involves a scientific method.
_________4. Research results are meant to be confidential and not published.
_________5. Research originates by chance.
_________ 6. Research aims to create new knowledge.
_________ 7. Research involves collection and interpretation of data.
_________8. Researchers have to be biased at times.
_________9. Research is a truth seeking activity.
_________10. Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub
problems.
C R E AT E A W O R D
CLOUD USING THE
WORD
“RESEARCH”
THANK YOU