BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY

AND BODY PARTS

Dr. Priscilla Joshi

S0ME OF THE MAJOR ORGANS IN THE HUMAN
BODY
THE BRAIN

THE LUNGS

THE LIVER
THE STOMACH

THE
BLADDER
NEXT
 THE BRAIN
The Brain is the most important
organ in your body. The Brain
controls your body and everything it
does. Without your brain your body
would not work, you would not be
able to breathe, walk, talk, learn,
think, remember things, as well as
be able to feel happy or sad. Our
brain makes us who we are. Your
brain sends signals through your
body through your nerves. Your
nerves allow you to feel and touch
objects. Different parts of our brain
control different parts of our body, we
need all of these parts of our brain to
work properly.
THE LUNGS
The Lungs are the organs which
help us to breathe. We breathe
in air (oxygen) through our nose
and mouth. The oxygen is then
taken into our body travelling
through the blood stream to body
cells, the body cells then use the
oxygen to get energy. Waste
substances like carbon dioxide (a
waste gas) are then released into
the blood carried to the lungs to
leave the blood and is then
breathed out through our mouth
and nose.
 THE STOMACH
The Stomach is where our food
goes. Our stomach holds the food
we have eaten, which it then
begins to break down through the
contracting of the muscles in the
stomach walls. After two hours of
the stomach digesting the food we
have eaten it then leaves the
stomach and travels to another
part of our body known as the
small intestine. Without a stomach
we would have no place in our
body to store food. This would
then prevent us from eating
therefore not allowing for us to
survive.
THE LIVER
The Liver has many jobs but its
main job is to filter out all the
poisonous substances in your
blood. Without the liver acting as a
filter in our body it would be full of
poisonous substances polluting
our body, without this we would not
be alive. The liver also produces a
liquid called bile which breaks
down all the fats in our body which
aids digestion.
 THE BLADDER
The Bladder is where urine is
stored. The urine travels from the
Kidneys to the bladder, it is in the
bladder where our urine is stored,
which will later pass out of our body
when we go to the toilet. Without
our bladder we would become
polluted by our own waste due to
the reason that there is no where
else for it to travel or another way in
which it can be passed out.
THE HEART
The Heart the other most important organ
within your body. The Heart’s job is to
keep us alive through pumping blood
around our body. Our heart sends our
blood on a never ending journey through
our bodies. The two chambers in our
hearts are pumps which pump the blood to
different places in our body which allows
the rest of the organs in our body to work.
One takes blood to the rest of our body the
other takes it to the lungs. Without the
heart pumping blood through these organs
in our veins the rest of our body would not
work. When our heart stops pumping the
blood around our body this is when we die.
 TheKidneys
The Kidney’s are small bean
shaped organ’s which lie either
side of your body. The blood
which travels through the kidneys
deposits the waste the blood has
gathered on its journey through
your body. Small filters, filter out
the impurities from the blood, the
impurities travel to the middle of
your kidney which develops a
liquid called urine. The kidneys
help us to get rid of waste in our
bodies through producing the
urine which travels on to our
bladders.
 9 abdominal regions; 4 quadrants

epigastric

flank
umbilical (side but
in back)
inguinal,
(or iliac)
What’s underneath……
The Skeletal System
 There are two main categories of bones.
 Spongy Bone
 Compact Bone

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Bone Marrow contains many blood vessels.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Bone Marrow contains many blood vessels.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Bone Marrow contains many blood vessels.
 Red Marrow: Creates red and white blood cells.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Bone Marrow contains many blood vessels.
 Red Marrow: Creates red and white blood cells.
 Yellow: Contains fat cells

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Axial Skeleton: The supportive structure of the
body oriented along its median longitudinal axis

 Appendicular Skeleton: Attaches to something,

the extremities.
 Bones are categorized into several groups.

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 Bones are categorized into several groups.
 Long Bones

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 Bones are categorized into several groups.
 Long Bones
 Flat Bones

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 Bones are categorized into several groups.
 Long Bones
 Flat Bones
 Irregular Bones

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Bones are categorized into several groups.
 Long Bones
 Flat Bones
 Irregular Bones
 Short Bones

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

Axial skeleton is shown in green

Cranial bones
 Frontal bone
 Parietal bones (paired)
 Occipital bone
 Temporal bones (paired)
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone
 Cranial bones
frontal
parietal parietal parietal

_______sphenoid
temporal _____ethmoid
occipital
occipital
 Nasal cavity

To left, bones forming the left

lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)

To right, nasal cavity with nasal septum

in place, showing how the ethmoid
bone, septal cartilage, and vomer make
up the septum
 Orbit
Cone-shaped bony cavities holding the
eyes, muscles that move the eyes, some fat
and tear-producing glands; you don’t need
to know all these bones that form it, just
realize how complex it is and recognize the
optic canal (optic nerve passes out through
it)

(right orbit shown)

Paranasal sinuses
 Air-filled sacs in the bones
 “Paranasal” because they cluster around and connect to the nasal
cavity
 Hyoid bone

Only bone which does not

articulate with any other
bone
Moveable base for the
tongue
Points of attachment for
neck muscles that raise
and lower the larynx
during swallowing
The Vertebral Column

 Fetus and infant: 33 separate bones, or

vertebrae

 Adult: 24 vertebrae
 Inferior 9 have fused forming
 The sacrum (5) and
 The coccyx (4)
 Vertebrae
 Cervical – 7
 Thoracic - 12
 Lumbar - 5
 Sacrum (5 fused)
 Coccyx (4 fused)
 Spinal curvatures
Cervical and lumbar are
concave posteriorly* (lordosis)
Thoracic and sacral are convex
posteriorly* (kyphosis)
Abnormal (see lab book p120):
 Too much of either
 Scoliosis (more than 10 degrees
of lateral curvature)

*when viewed from the side

 Non-bony parts
Intervertebral
discs
 anulus fibrosis
and nucleus
pulposus)
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Ligamentum
flavum
Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide, strong and attaches to vertebrae as well as
discs (prevents hyperextension)
Posterior longitudinal ligament: narrow and relatively weak, attaching only to discs

Note “intervertebral foramen” vs “vertebral foramen” on next slides

Structure of a typical vertebra
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)
Cervical
Vertebrae

 Smallest
 Lightest
 Most flexible
 Triangular vertebral
foramen
 Transverse
processes have
foramina (transverse
foramen)
 Spinous process
bifid (forked) except
for C7
Thoracic
Vertebrae T1-
T12
Heart shaped
body
Additional small
costal facets
(costal=ribs)
Round or oval
vertebral foramen
Form posterior
part of rib cage
Lumbar
Vertebrae
L1-L5

Massive blocklike
bodies
Short, thick
hatchet-shaped
spinous
processes
Limited mobility
 Shapes posterior wall of pelvis

Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae

The Sacrum Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels & nerves

Coccyx
(the tailbone)
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum Ribs
 Manubrium  True ribs 1-7

 Body  False ribs 8-12

 Xiphoid process  Floating ribs 11,12

Vertebral and Sternal Articulations
Typical rib
 Coronoid fossa
Forearm: Anterior
of humerus Humerus

Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle

of humerus of humerus
Capitulum of Trochlea of
humerus humerus
Head of radius Coronoid proces
of ulna
Radial tuberosity
Ulna
Radius

Styloid process Styloid process

of ulna of radius
 Hand Quiz Answers

B. Metacarpals C. Trapezium
A. Phalanges
D. Scaphoid

E. Lunate

F. Triquetrum

G. Pisiform
H. Hamate
J. Capitate
K. Trapezoid
 The bone of lower limb
ilium

The pelvic girdle: hip bone pubis

ischium

femur

patella
The bone of free lower limb
tibia

fibula

foot tarsal bones

metatarsal bones
phalanges of foot
Muscular System
Circulatory System
Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers:

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers: the two upper
chambers are called the left and right atria

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers: the two upper
chambers are called the left and right atria and two
lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers: the two upper
chambers are called the left and right atria and two
lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles.
Two Pumps, not one.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers: the two upper
chambers are called the left and right atria and two
lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles.
Two Pumps, not one.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Human Heart: Important organ that provides a
continuous circulation of blood.
 It is divided into four chambers: the two upper
chambers are called the left and right atria and two
lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles.
Two Pumps, not one.

2
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
The Nervous System
 Parts of the Brain
Everything we have learned so far, and
everything you will ever learn takes place in the
nervous system.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The nervous system receives and then sends out
information about your body.
 It also monitors and responds to changes in your
environment.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 There are three types of neurons.
 Sensory neurons
 Interneurons
 Motor neurons

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 Interneuron: Transmits impulses between other neurons.
(Brain and Spinal Column)

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses inwards to the brain
or spinal cord.
 touch
 odor
 taste
 sound
 vision

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Motor Neurons: Pathway along which impulses pass from
the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The Excretory System
 The remaining organs of the excretory system are the kidneys, liver,
and skin.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The Kidneys: They filter waste products from the
blood to keep it clean and balanced.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

In the nephron, a tiny blood vessel (capillary) -
intertwines with a tiny urine-collecting tube called a
tubule.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Urine travels from the kidneys through narrow tubes
called ureters to the bladder.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

 Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until excretion.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Urethra: Tube that connects the urinary bladder
to the genitals for the removal of fluids out of the
body.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Digestive System
Components
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Gall bladder
Liver
Pancreas
 Esophagus
the tube that connects your
mouth and your stomach
 Stomach
A stretchy bag that holds your food after
you eat

Helps to break food into smaller pieces so

your body can use it for energy and
nutrition
Small Intestine
Tube that is 20 feet long.

Continues to digest food

Food stays in your small intestine for

4 to 8 hours
Large Intestine
Tube that is 5 feet long

Gets waste from small intestine

Waste stays for 10 to 12 hours

Gall Bladder
 Storage tank for bile (a greenish-yellow liquid) that
helps your body break down and use fats

 Located under your liver

 Shaped like a pear

 Liver
 Factory for antibodies and bile

 Stores vitamins and sugars until your

body needs them
 Pancreas
Helps you digest
food by breaking
down sugars

Functions
Digest the food we eat

Take the nutrients out of your

food so your body can use it
Respiratory System
Respiration Includes 103

 Pulmonary ventilation
 Air moves in and out of lungs
 Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
 External respiration
 Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
 O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
 CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
 Transport of respiratory gases
 Between the lungs and the cells of the body
 Performed by the cardiovascular system
 Blood is the transporting fluid
 Internal respiration
 Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
 O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
 CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
 The Respiratory Organs 104

Conducting zone
 Respiratory passages that
carry air to the site of gas
exchange
 Filters, humidifies and
warms air
Respiratory zone
 Site of gas exchange
 Composed of
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveolar sacs

Conducting zone labeled

 105

Nose
 Provides airway
 Moistens and warms air
 Filters air
 Resonating chamber for speech External nose
 Olfactory receptors
Nasal cavity
106
 Air passes through nares (nostrils)
 Nasal septum divides nasal cavity in midline (to right & left halves)
 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer and septal cartilage
 Connects with pharynx posteriorly through choanae (posterior nasal
apertures*)
 Floor is formed by palate (roof of the mouth)
 Anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate

* palate
Paranasal sinuses 107

 Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

 Open into nasal cavity
 Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavity and perform same
functions
 Also lighten the skull
 Can get infected: sinusitis
 The Pharynx (throat)
 3 parts: naso-, oro- and laryngopharynx 108

 Houses tonsils (they respond to inhaled antigens)

 Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing so food doesn’t go into nose

 Epiglottis posterior to the tongue: keeps food out of airway

 Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as common passageway for food and

air

*
*
 The Larynx (voicebox) 109

 Extends from the level of the 4th to the 6th cervical vertebrae
 Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
 Inferiorly is continuous with trachea (windpipe)

 Three functions:
1. Produces vocalizations (speech)
2. Provides an open airway (breathing)
3. Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
 Closed during swallowing
 Open during breathing
 111
Respiratory Zone
 112

Lungs and Pleura

Around each lung is a flattened
sac of serous membrane called
pleura

Parietal pleura – outer layer

Visceral pleura – directly on
lung
Pleural cavity – slit-like potential space filled with pleural
fluid
 Lungs can slide but separation from pleura is resisted
(like film between 2 plates of glass)
 Lungs cling to thoracic wall and are forced to expand and
recoil as volume of thoracic cavity changes during
breathing
Paired lungs occupy all thoracic cavity lateral to
113

the mediastinum
Mediastinum contains (mainly): heart, great blood
vessels, trachea, main bronchi, esophagus
 114

Right lung: 3 lobes

 Upper lobe
 Middle lobe
 Lower lobe
Left lung: 2 lobes
 Upper lobe
 Lower lobe
 Muscles of Inspiration 115

 During inspiration, the

dome shaped diaphragm
flattens as it contracts
 This increases the height of
Together: the thoracic cavity

 The external intercostal

muscles contract to raise
the ribs
 This increases the
circumference of the thoracic
cavity