Mathematics I

Dr. Aprilina Purbasari, ST, MT

References
• Herman, E.J. & Strang, G., Calculus, vol. 1-3, 2016,
OpenStax, Houston.
• Lipschutz, S. & Lipson, M.L., Linear Algebra, 4th
edition, 2009, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Spiegel, M. & Wrede, R.C., Kalkulus Lanjut, edisi 2,
2002, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta.
• Stroud, K.A., Matematika untuk Teknik, edisi 3, 1992,
Penerbit Erlanga, Jakarta.
Functions & Graphs
Definition

• A function f consists of a set of inputs, a set of

outputs, and a rule for assigning each input to
exactly one output.
• The set of inputs is called the domain of the
function.
• The set of outputs is called the range of the
function.
Representing Functions

Typically, a function is represented using one or more

of the following tools:
• A table
• A graph
• A formula
Combining Functions

• Combining functions with mathematical

operators
Function composition
• Consider the function f with domain A and range B, and the
function g with domain D and range E. If B is a subset of D,
then the composite function (g ° f )(x) is the function with
domain A such that
Symmetry of Functions

• If f (x) = f (-x) for all x in the domain of f , then f is an even

function. An even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
• If f (-x) = - f (x) for all x in the domain of f , then f is an odd
function. An odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Linear Functions & Slope

• Linear functions have the form f (x) = ax + b, where a

and b are constants.
• Consider line L passing through points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2). Let Δy = y2-y1 and Δx = x2-x1 denote the
changes in y and x, respectively. The slope of the line
is
Polynomials
• A polynomial function is any function that can be written in the form

for some integer n > 0 and constants an, an–1,…, a0, where an ≠ 0.
• In the case when n = 0, we allow for a0 = 0; if a0 = 0, the function f (x) = 0 is
called the zero function.
• The value n is called the degree of the polynomial; the constant a is called
the leading coefficient.
• A linear function of the form f(x)= mx + b is a polynomial of degree 1 if m ≠
0 and degree 0 if m = 0. A polynomial of degree 0 is also called a constant
function.
• A polynomial function of degree 2 is called a quadratic function. In
particular, a quadratic function has the form f(x)= ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0.
• A polynomial function of degree 3 is called a cubic function.
Power Functions
• A power function is any function of the form
Behavior at Infinity
• For some functions, the values of f (x) approach a finite
number.
For example, for the function f(x)= 2 + 1/x, the values 1/x
become closer and closer to zero for all values of x as
they get larger and larger → f (x) approaches two as x
goes to infinity.
• For other functions, the values f (x) may not approach a
finite number but instead may become larger for all
values of x as they get larger or f(x)→ ∞ as x → ∞.
For example, for the function f(x)= 3x2, the outputs f (x)
become larger as the inputs x get larger → f (x)
approaches infinity as x approaches infinity.
Zeros of Polynomial Functions
Algebraic Functions

• An algebraic function is one that involves addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, rational powers,
and roots.
• Two types of algebraic functions are rational
functions and root functions.
• A rational function is any function of the form f(x)=
p(x)/q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials.
• A root function is a power function of the form f(x)=
x1/n, where n is a positive integer greater than one.
Transcendental Functions

• The most common transcendental functions are

trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic
functions.
• A trigonometric function relates the ratios of two
sides of a right triangle. They are sinx, cosx, tanx,
cotx, secx, and cscx.
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Identities
 Graphs and Periods of the Trigonometric
Functions
• The trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
• The period of a function f is defined to be the
smallest positive value p such that f(x + p) = f (x) for
all values x in the domain of f .
• The sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant functions have
a period of 2p.
• Since the tangent and cotangent functions repeat on
an interval of length p, their period is p.
Inverse Functions
Finding a Function’s Inverse
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions