Cathode ray tube

Electrostatic Focusing
 Electrostatic Deflection

The loss of potential energy (P E) when the electron moves

from cathode to accelerating anode

The gain in kinetic energy (K B) by an electron

Equating the two energies, we have

This is the velocity of the electron in the X direction when it

entering the deflecting plates.
The velocity in the X direction remains the same throughout the
passage of electrons through the deflecting plates as there is no
force acting in this direction.
The electric field intensity in the Y direction

Force acting on an electron in Y direction

Suppose ay is the acceleration of the electron in Y direction

therefore
As there is no initial velocity m the Y direction the displacement y
at any instant t in the Y direction is

As the velocity in X direction is constant, the displacement in X

direction is given by

Substituting the above value of t in Eqn. y, we have:

This is the equation of a parabola.

The slope at any point (x, y) is

Putting x = ld in above equation, we get the value of tan θ.

After leaving the deflection plates, the electrons travel in a
straight line.
The straight line of travel of electrons is tangent to the parabola
at x = ld and this tangent intersects the X-axis at point 0’.
The location is given by:

The apparent origin is thus at the centre of deflection plates. The

deflection D on the screen is given by:

Substituting the value in the above equation, we get

Deflection Sensitivity. The deflection sensitivity of a CRT is
defined as the deflection of the screen per unit deflection
voltage.

The Deflection Factor of a CRT is defined as the reciprocal of

sensitivity.
Basic Block Diagram of C.R.O
Observation of waveform on CRO
Measurement of Phase & Frequency (Lissajous Patterns)
Patterns with two equal voltages of same frequency & phase shift of Ф
SinФ= Y1/Y2 or X1/X2
 Lissajous’ Figures

Same amplitude but different frequencies

Digital Volt Meters
 Classification of DVM’s
Non-Integrating Type
o Potentiometric Type
Servo Potentiometric Type
Successive Approximation Type
Null Balance Type
o Ramp Type
Linear Type Staircase Type
Integrating Type
Voltage to Frequency converter Type
Potentiometric Type
Dual Slope Integrating Type
Successive Approximation type DVM
 Advantages

Disadvantages
Ramp type
Block Diagram of Ramp type DVM
Advantages

Disadvantages
Stair case Ramp Type
Advantages

Disadvantages
Dual Slope Integration Type DVM
Frequency Measurement
Phase Meter