WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETICS?

Electric field
Produced by the presence of
electrically charged particles,
and gives rise to the electric f
orce.

Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of el
ectric charges, or electric curr
ent, and gives rise to the mag
netic force associated with m
agnets.
WHY DO WE LEARN ENGINEERING E
LECTROMAGNETICS
 Electric and magnetic field exist nearly everywhere.
 1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz
 The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into segments:

Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF 30–300 Hz.

)
Voice Frequencies (VF) 300–3000 Hz.
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) 3–30 kHz.

Low Frequencies (LF) 30–300 kHz.

Medium Frequencies (MF) 300–3000 kHz

AM radio 535–1605 kHz.
 1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz

High Frequencies (HF) 3–30 MHz

(short waves; VOA, BBC broadcast
s; government and military two-way
communication; amateur radio, CB.

Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30–300 MHz

FM radio broadcasting (88–108 M
Hz), television channels 2–13.
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300–3000 MHz
TV channels 14–67, cellular phone
s, military communication.
 1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Frequency Ranges from 30 Hz to 300 GHz

Microwaves and Super High Freq 1–30 GHz

uencies (SHF)
Satellite communication, radar, wi
reless LANs, microwave ovens

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF 30–300 GHz

)
Satellite communication, compute
r data, radar
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1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Optical Spectrum
The optical spectrum exists directly above the m
illimeter wave region.
Three types of light waves are:
 Infrared
 Visible spectrum
 Ultraviolet
 1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Optical Spectrum: Infrared
 Infrared radiation is produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, including
our bodies.
 Infrared is used:
 In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the unive
rse,
 For guidance in weapons systems, where the heat radiated from a
irplanes or missiles can be detected and used to guide missiles to t
argets.
 In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded signals a
re transmitted by an infrared LED to the TV receiver to change ch
annels, set the volume, and perform other functions.
1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Optical Spectrum: The Visible Spectrum

 Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum w
e refer to as light.
 Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light
 Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength light.
 Light waves’ very high frequency enables them to handle
a tremendous amount of information (the bandwidth of t
he baseband signals can be very wide).
1-5: THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Optical Spectrum: Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet is not used for communication
Its primary use is medical.
APPLICATIONS
 Electromagnetic principles find application in various disciplines such as mic
rowaves, x-rays, antennas, electric machines, plasmas, etc.
 APPLICATIONS
 Electromagnetic fields are used in induction heaters for melting, forging, annealing, s
urface hardening, and soldering operation.
 Electromagnetic devices include transformers, radio, television, mobile phones, radar
s, lasers, etc.
SCALARS
A scalar quantity is a quantity that only has magnitud
e, and has no direction in space

Examples of Scalar Quantities:

 Length

 Area

 Volume

 Time

 Mass

• Scalar notation: A or A (italic or plain)

VECTORS
A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnit
ude and a direction in space

Examples of Vector Quantities:

 Displacement

 Velocity

 Acceleration

 Force

• Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with arrow)

VECTOR DIAGRAMS
Vector diagrams are shown using a
n arrow
The length of the arrow represents
its magnitude
The direction of the arrow shows its
direction
 RESULTANT OF TWO VECTORS
 The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of two vect
or quantities
Vectors in the same direction:

6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m

Vectors in opposite directions:

6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW
 When two vectors are joined t
ail to tail
 Complete the parallelogram
 The resultant is found by dra
wing the diagonal

 When two vectors are joined

head to tail
 Draw the resultant vector by c
ompleting the triangle