OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 PHYSICAL
HAZARD

ERGONOMIC CHEMICAL
HAZARD HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OBJECTIVES:
 Discuss and explain common hazards in the
workplace and their effects to workers’
health.

 Recommend appropriate measures to

prevent occupational and work-related
illnesses.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
( ILO/WHO )
 Promote and maintain the highest degree of physical,
mental & social well-being of workers of all occupations

 Prevent workers from departures due to health caused

by their working conditions

 Protect workers in their working environment from

hazards and risks usually causing adverse health effects

 Place & maintain a worker in an occupational

environment adapted to his/her physiological ability

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

HAZARD AND RISK
 HAZARD  RISK
- any source of - the chance or
potential damage, probability that a
harm or adverse person will be
health effects on harmed or
something or experience an
someone under adverse health
certain conditions at effect if exposed to
work. a hazard.
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation Skin Contact

Ingestion
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
 Chemical Hazards
Routes of excretion

Gastro-intestinal Renal (urine) Respiratory Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

(feces) (exhalation)
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Chemical Hazards
Measures of concentration of toxic substances

 Threshold Limit Value (TLV)- average concentration

of an airborne substance to which most workers
could be safely exposed over an eight-hour working
day or forty-hour working week throughout a working
lifetime

 Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)- peak or

maximum concentration of an airborne to which
most workers could be safely exposed.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects

 Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact

 Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact,

may involve many organ systems

 Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days)

after an exposure

 Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to

specific organ systems; occurs many months or years to
have recognizable clinical disease
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Chemical Hazards
Health Effects
 Renal Diseases
 Respiratory Diseases
 Skin Diseases
 Hematologic Diseases
 Cardiovascular Diseases
 Neurologic Diseases
 Carcinogenic
 Teratogenic

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards
Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process

Renal Diseases: Battery, chemical

acute/chronic renal Mercury, cadmium, industries,
failure chloroform pesticide
Respiratory Diseases:
Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries

Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction,

sandblasting, coal

Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards
Blood Diseases:
Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead
smelting

Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.

Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
dermatitis

Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool

operators
Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Chemical Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity Carbon Cleaning fluids, dry
tetrachloride cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl
chloride mfg.

Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylene workers
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Physical Hazards
 Noise

 Vibration

 Extreme Temperature

 Illumination

 Radiation
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Ear Anatomy

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

 Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)

 temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to
loud noise
 recovery within 16-48 hrs

 Permanent Threshold Shift

 irreversible loss of hearing
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
NOISE
Early Signs of Hearing Loss
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a
noisy environment
• Need to be near or look at the person
speaking to help understand words
• Familiar sounds are muffled
• Complaints that people do not speak clearly
• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Other Harmful Effects of Noise

• Hypertension
• Hyperacidity
• Palpitations
• Disturbs relaxation and sleep

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
VIBRATION
 Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources

 Types
 Segmental vibration

 Whole body vibration

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Segmental Vibration:
• Health Effects:
— Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

— tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers

— pain

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Whole Body Vibration:

 Health effects:
 Fatigue

 Irritability

 Headache

 Disorders of the spine

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
EXTREME TEMPERATURE

 Sources of heat stress:

 Natural Conditions
 Hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns,
boilers and smelting

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders Clinical features

Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash

Heat cramps Cramps in the body,

usually legs

Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack,

blurring of vision, cold,
clammy and sweaty skin
Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle
twitchings, disorientation,
delirium, convulsions
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
EXTREME TEMPERATURE

 Sources of Cold Environment:

 Ice plants and freezers in the food industry

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 Health Effects of Cold Temperature

 Frostbite: reddening of skin,

localized burning pain and
numbness. Fingers, toes, cheeks,
nose, ears are most susceptible.

 trench foot or immersion foot:

numbness, pain, cramps,
ulceration and gangrene.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Inadequate Illumination
Health Effects
 Visual Fatigue

 Double Vision

 Headaches

 Painful irritation

 Lacrimation

 Conjunctivitis

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
 RADIATION
Types Sources Health Effects
Ionizing X-rays Cancer, congenital
Gamma rays defects, death

Non-ionizing Ultraviolet skin redness, premature

skin ageing, and skin
cancer
Infrared corneal and conjunctival
burns, retinal injury,
cataract
Laser Skin and eye problem
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

VIRUSES FUNGI

BACTERIA PARASITES

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, May be contacted anywhere
diphtheria, smallpox
Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed
to heat and organic dusts, and
medical personnel
Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers
of carcasses, skins, or hair of
infected animals, including wool
carpet processors and handlers.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Ringworm (in horses, cattle, Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,

deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds) breeders of cats and dogs, and
other animal handlers

Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or

anyone in contact with manure.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, Veterinarians, letter carriers,
pigs, cats) laboratory research workers,
agricultural workers.

Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers,

animal handlers

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS
Human Biological Science
+
Engineering Science
____________________________________
MAXIMUM SATISFACTION AND
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY
“ fitting the job to the worker”
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
ERGONOMICS
the task
(job content &
context)

the the
organization tool

the the
environment workstation

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS

 Goal
 to reduce work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) developed by workers

 MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect

muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments,
joints or spinal discs.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs

 Painful joints
 Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,
forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
 Shooting or stubbing pains
 Swelling or inflammation

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs

 Fingers or toes turning white

 Back or neck pain
 Stiffness

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Static
posture

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Forceful exertion
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Repetitive movement
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Extreme range of motion

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Awkward posture

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

ERGONOMICS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 STRESS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

STRESS

The harmful physical and emotional responses

that occurs when the requirements of the job
do not match the capabilities, resources or
needs of the worker.

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

STRESS: Effects

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 STRESS
Manifestations of Stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL
 Fatigue  Heart rate  Drug use
 Anxiety  Blood pressure  Alcohol intake
 Tension  Indigestion  Heavy smoking
 Irritability
 Impulsive emotional
 Depression
behavior
 Boredom
 Inability to  Poor work & family
concentrate relationship
 Low esteem  Social isolation
 Family abandonment
 Sleep problems

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
 OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH PROGRAMS

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

Key Elements of the
Occupational Health Program

Health Protection

Health Promotion

Health Rehabilitation

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Disease
Chemical
Solvents Paints, Irritant, Surveillance for chemical
Thinners Multisystem exposure
effects Exposure monitoring
(Biologic Monitoring)

Physical
Noise Woodwork Hearing Hearing Conservation
Operations Impairment Program

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC

 Health and Safety Programs
Hazards/ Source Health Effect Health Program
Disease
Biologic
Tetanus Dirty Nails, soil Lockjaw, rigidity, Immunization
death
Ergonomic
Stresses Awkward Musculoskeletal Management or
Cumulative postures, Heavy Disorders personnel methods;
Trauma loads Workplace
Disorder modification
Worker education
and training;
Back Care Program
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
Health Promotion
 Physical activity, Nutrition, Weight reduction

 Immunization
 OSHS, RULE 1960

 Smoking cessation
 RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

 HIV/AIDS
 RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act
of 1998
 National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated
by DOLE - 1997
BOSH Training 2009 OSHC
 Thank you

BOSH Training 2009 OSHC