CHRISTIAN JOSEPH LIMON SHANE IVONNE CUNANAN ASHLEY SARMIENTO WIL ERICKA CERSENIA

JOHN DENVER JAN LERWIN ENDAYA

ROSALINDA REYMUNDO MERCADO
Spiritual self is one of the constituents of
the “self”
- the most intimate, inner subjective
part of self”
- the ability to use moral sensibility
and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of the religion, its beliefs and
practices.
Religion
Rebecca Stein (stein 2011) defines religion “as a set
of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes of
some or all of basic characteristics”
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being,
such as spirit and gods.
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred
refers to a feeling of reverence and awe.
3. The presence of supernatural power of energy that
is found on supernatural beings as well as physical
beings and objects.
 4. The performance of ritual activities that
involves the manipulation of sacred object to
communicate to supernatural beings and/or to
influence or control events.
5. The articulation of worldview and moral
codes through narratives and other names.
6. Provide the creation and maintenance of
social bonds and mechanism of social control
within a community; provide explanation for
unknown and a sense of control for individuals.
 Rituals
- the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a
tradition or sacred law (Britannica 2017). Ritual is a specific,
observable mode of behaviour exhibit by all known societies.

3 fundamentals characteristics of rituals

according to Penner (Britannica 2017)
1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or
dread in relation to the sacred
 2. dependence upon a belief system that is usually
expressed in the language of myth
3. is symbolic in relation to its reference

• Self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits

a striking parallel between their verbal behaviour.

• Participation to rituals is expressions of religious

beliefs.
 SOME WORLD RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
AND PRACTICES
Buddhism
 BUDDHISM
Beliefs
-Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses, instead,
there are suffering, pain and frustrations. They want to
experience the goodness of life and avoid disappointments.
This habit known as the reactive cycle of wanting and hating
like and dislike, craving and aversion.
Customs and Practices
There are two types of meditation practices: Samatha
and Vipassana
 BUDDHISM
Samatha
-practiced as mindfulness of breathing and development of
loving kindness
Vipassana
-Practices aim at developing insight into reality.

• Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha’s teaching,

the Dharma
 BUDDHISM
Dharma Wheel
- through the reflection of Dharma,
Buddhists can achieve a deeper
understanding of life

Some of the major

Buddhist celebrations
PParinirvana Day (February) Wesak Day (May)
 CHRISTIANITY

Beliefs

Christian believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three

persons: God the Father (creator), God the Son (savior),
and God the Spirit (sustainer).

The Holy Bible is a selection of books, which is divided

into two, the Old Testament and New Testament
 CHRISTIANITY
Customs and practices
Two practices of Christian Churches

• Sacrament of Baptism
-symbolizes the birth in Christian world.

• Sacrament of Communion
-an act of remembrance of Jesus
Christ’s sacrificial love.
 CHRISTIANITY
2 major celebrations in Christianity

20180329_resurrection-979x514.jpg

Christmas Resurrection (Easter)

 HINDUISM
Beliefs
Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth,
death, and rebirth, governed by karma.
Karma - is a concept where the reincarnated life will
depend on how the past life was spent.
Vedas - sacred scriptures of Hindus
Mahabharata and Ramayana – two important texts of
the Hindus.
 HINDUISM
Customs and practices
2 most celebrated festivals of the Hindus:

Navratri Diwali
-festivals of nine nights (good or evil) -festivals of lights
 ISLAM
Islam means willing submission to God.
Beliefs
Allah – Islam’s One God
• has “ummah” or strong sense of community and
awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims
worldwide.
ISLAM
The Holy Book of Islams is called the Quran

Quran
 ISLAM
Customs and Practices
Muslims believes in the five pillars of Islam or the foundation
of Muslim life:
1. Shahadah – statement of faith: “There is no God but the one
true God and Mohammad is his messenger.”
2. Salat – the prayer that is practiced five times a day
3. Zakat – the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor
4. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Sawm – the fasting
 ISLAM
Two major festivals in Islam

Eidul-Fitr Eidul-Adha
 JUDAISM
Beliefs
Toran (The Law) – guide of the Jewish living.
Customs and Practices
5 major festivals observed by the Jews
1. Rosh Hashannah – the New Year 2. Yorn Kippur – the day of Atonement
 JUDAISM
3. Pesach – Passover 4. Shavout – Pentecost

5. Sukkot
Religious beliefs, rituals, practices and
customs are all part of the expression
of spiritual self. What to believe and
how to manifest the believe is entirely
dependent on the individual, to the self.
 Finding and Creating Meaning of Life
The Psychiatrist
Dr. Viktor E. Frankl

LOGOTHERAPY- psychotherapy introduced

by Dr. Viktor Frankl, father of logotherapy.

Main belief of logotherapy- “man’s primary

motivational force is search for meaning”.
 3 basic components of Franklian Psychology
1.Life has meaning under all circumstances
2.Main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in
life.
3.Freedom to find meaning.
Aims of Franklian Psychology
1. Become aware of spiritual resources
2. Make conscious spiritual resources
3. Use “defiant power of the human spirit” and stand up
against adversity.
 Logotheraphy Assumptions
1. Human being is an entity consisting of body, mind and spirit.
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances even the most
miserable.
3. People have a will to meaning.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the
will to find meaning.
5. Life has a demand quality to which people must respond it
decisions are to be meaningful.
6. Individual is unique.
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning

1. Purposeful work.
2. Courage in the face of difficulty.
3. Love