GEC101 2nd Sem SY 23-24

Spiritual Self
 Contents
Spirituality

Spiritual Self

Spirituality and Religion

Religion

Logotherapy

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 Introduction
Spirituality comes from the Latin word spiritus which means breath or
life force.
According to Hill & Pargament (2003), Spirituality can be understood
as a search for the sacred, a process through which people seek to discover,
hold on to, and when necessary, transform whatever they hold sacred in
their lives. It refers to finding meaning and purpose in one’s life, a search
for wholeness, and a relationship with a transcendent being (higher being).

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 Introduction
One of the practices in Spirituality is worship. Worship is regarded as
an essential act to realize the ultimate meaning of transcendence and
human life. Acts of worship may include prayer, reading the scripture (e.g.
the Bible or the Quran), attending sacraments (e.g. mass), and doing
sacrifices (e.g. fasting).

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Spiritual Self
Annual revenue growth
 Spiritual Self
• According to the book The Principles of Psychology (1890) by William
James, the spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of self. This
is the only part of our self that is able and can experience how to
argue and discriminate, have moral sensibility and conscience, and the
unconquerable will.
• The spiritual aspect of the self is the inner essence, the part of the self that
connects the person to the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe. The
nurturing of the spiritual self also gives a deeper purpose or meaning of one’s
life.
• People develop spirituality through interaction, observation, and imitation.
Thus, making the family, school, and church play a very important role in
the spiritual development.

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 Spirituality and Religion
• According to Rebecca Stein (2011), religion is a set of cultural beliefs and
practices. Religion is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or
supernatural, and to know God is its central function; thus, making it
connected with spirituality.
• Basic Characteristics of Religion
• Belief in the anthropomorphic supernatural being.
• Focus the sacred supernatural.
• Presence of supernatural power or energy is found on supernatural beings as well as
physical beings or objects.
• Performance of ritual activities,
• Articulation of worldview and moral codes.
• Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control

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 Five Major Religions in the World

RELIGION PRACTICES
1. Buddhism Two types of meditation practices:
Life is unsatisfactory. Samatha - calm, concentration, and positive emotion
When people suffer, they want to experience practiced through mindfulness of breathing and
good and pleasant experience and avoid development of loving kindness.
disappointments. Vipassana – developing insight into reality; developing
The reactive cycle of craving and aversion can and cultivating wisdom happens through the studying
be broken by practicing ethics and meditation, and reflecting the Dharma-Buddha’s teaching
and cultivating wisdom.

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 Five Major Religions in the World

RELIGION PRACTICES
2. Christianity Sacrament of Baptism - sharing in the death and
God became fully present in the person of Jesus resurrection of Jesus
Christ. Holy Communion – taking bread (body of Christ)
Believes God as a trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. and wine (blood of Christ)
Eternal life can be achieved after death through faith Christians pray, worship, and read and study the
in Jesus Christ. Bible together.
Believes that Jesus Christ died on the cross to
reconcile all of humanity with God.

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 Five Major Religions in the World

RELIGION PRACTICES
3. Hinduism Follow the lunar calendar to celebrate and honor
Cover wide range of ancient creeds, textual particular manifestations of God.
traditions, and religious groups
No single founder; believes that one supreme
being incarnated in many forms
Best understood as a complete way of life.
They believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death,
and rebirth (Karma).
Vedas is their sacred scripture

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 Five Major Religions in the World
RELIGION
4. Islam
It means willing submission to God
Believes in Allah as the One God, and
Mohammed as the final prophet.
Muslims believe in the unity of mankind under Adam.
Sacred Scripture is the Quran
Spiritual Self
PRACTICES
Shahada - ”There is no God but one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger.”
Salat – pray fiver times
Zakat – two and a half percent of assets given to
benefit the poor
Hajj – annual pilgrimage to Mecca
Sawm – abstinence from food, drink, and sexual acts.
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 Five Major Religions in the World
RELIGION
5. Judaism
The Jewish people believe to be descendants of
the Semitic tribe from Canaan.
Early history was about the promise of God to
Abraham.
The Torah, or Law, is their sacred Scripture.
The integral part of Jewish life is the study and
interpretation of the Torah.
Spiritual Self
PRACTICES
Jewish Sabbath – begins on Friday evening at sunset •
The New Year (Rosh Hashanah) – this festival falls on
autumn
The day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) – most solemn
day; celebrated ten days after The New year
Passover (Pesach), Pentecost (Shavuot), Tabernacles
(Sukkot) – three pilgrim festivals
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 Logotherapy

• Viktor Frankl’s personal experiences in the Nazi concentration

camps during World War II led him to develop the principle of
logotherapy.
• Logotherapy – the pursuit of human existence as well as on man’s
search for such meaning. Logos is a Greek word that translates
as “Logotherapy focuses on the future.”

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 Logotherapy

• In Logotherapy, man can discover meaning in three ways:

• Doing a deed – this is by finding meaning in life through work,
achievements, and accomplishments. This way differs from man to
man, and from moment to moment.
• Experiencing a value – it is by experiencing something, or
someone, such as loving a person. During Frankl’s time in the
concentration camp, he observed that the transcendental power of
love helped the prisoners stay alive. He also defines love as

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 Logotherapy

“Love is the only way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his
personality. No one can become fully aware of the very essence of another
human being unless he loves him.”

• Suffering – Frankl once said “to live is to suffer, to survive is to find the
meaning in the suffering.” There is a purpose and meaning for each suffering.
It is when the person can use the unconquerable will to find and discover
that meaning.

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 Logotherapy

Tragic Triad
• Pain – turning a suffering into an achievement
• Guilt – drive to use it as an opportunity to change oneself for the better
• Death – reminder that life is impermanent, so make and take responsible
actions.
• According to Frankl, each person has his or her own vocation and mission,
and he or she can be the only one to find the meaning in life.

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 Animism
Spirituality is also associated with animism. Animism is the belief that
creatures, objects, and places possess spirits. It still exists in the
modern days’ despite of all the scientific progress and technological
advancements. Animism is practiced in the Philippines by some
indigenous people. Some believe that the spirit of the sun, sky, and
moon are their gods. Others also believe that animals, trees, rocks,
mountains, and bodies of water are inhabited by spirits. Thus, respect must
be given through acts of worship.

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 Prof. Antoniette Zacarina B. Sansona

Thank you Department of Psychology

MSU-IIT