Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sources of Noise:
• 1. At the source:
• Substitution: of noisy process by a less noisy
one
• Segregation:
• Isolation: to minimize the number of exposed
workers
• Enclosure:
• Technical devices:
• Suspension using rubber, springs or padding the
points of friction.
• Mufflers.
Control and prevention
• : At the working environment
• Using sound-absorbing materials that
prevent reflection of sound waves.
Covering the floor and walls by rubber, tile,
bagasse, etc….
Control and prevention
• a. Pre-placement medical examination:
• Periodic audiometric examination:
• Every 2 years to discover the cases as
early as possible.
• Health education
• Personal protective equipments: Use of ▪
ear plugs ▪ear muffs
• Legislation
Abnormal Air Temperature
• Man is a homeotherm i.e. his blood
temperature is constant (37 ± 0.5°C) whatever
the environmental air temperature would be.
This is in contrast to some other animals,
particularly reptiles. To keep this body
temperature constant, heat gained by the body
from metabolism (M) must equal heat loss from
the body surfaces by convection (C), radiation
(R) and insensible perspiration i.e., Evaporation
(E).
• ( M = C + R+E )
•
• Comfortable thermal environment
conditions are those under which a person
can maintain normal balance between
production and loss of heart at normal
body temperature and without sweating.
This comfort zone temperature has been
evaluated to be between 25 - 28°C
• The effect of temperature on human body depends on
many factors:
• 1. Air temperature → which can be measured by the
ordinary dry bulb thermometer.
• 2. Air velocity → which is usually measured by
anemometers or Kata thermometer. Kata therometer is
an alcohol thermometer with a glass bulb 4 cm long and
1.8 cm in deg. to 95 deg. F. Before taking the reading,
the bulb is immersed in hot water to warm it slightly
above 130 deg. F and then the thermometer suspended
in air. The time in seconds required for the temperature
to fall from 100 deg. to 95 deg. is noted with a
stopwatch. The length of time depends on the cooling
power of the air.
• 3. Mean radiant temperature → measured by
globe thermometer. The globe thermometer
consists of a hollow copper bulb 6 inches (15 in
diameter and is coated on the outside with black
paint which absorbs the radiant heat from the
surrounding objects. A specially calibrated
mercury thermometer is inserted, with its bulb at
the center of temperature and that of the
ordinary dry bulb is a measure of the heat.
• 4. Relative humidity, which is the percentage of
moisture present in the air; complete saturation
being taken as 100. The greater the relative
humidity the nearer the air to saturation.
• Dry and wet bulb hygrometer is the most
widely used for measuring humidity. The
instrument consists of two similar thermometers
– a dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers that are
mounted side by side on stand. The dry bulb
measures the air temperature
• Air temperature:
• Velocity
• Effective temp
• Corrected effective temp
• Clinical effects of abnormal
temperature
Effects of Cold Stress: