SUBMITTED BY – MUDIR TIWARY

B.TECH ( ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION )

ROLL NO. 161361031027
 Indian Railway is a department owned and controlled by the Government of
India, via the Ministry of Railways.
 Indian Railways is divided into zones, which are further divided into divisions.
 Prayagraj(Allahabad) is the zonal headquarter of the North Central Railway
zone.
 The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran from Bombay to Thane on 16th
April 1853.
 Fourteen railway carriages carried about 400 guests from Bombay to Thane
covering a distance of 21 miles (34 Kilometers).
 Today, it covers 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028
kilometers. Indian Railways runs around 13,000 trains every day, of which
7,000 are passenger trains.
 An optical fiber ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its
length.
 It has two main component layers: a) Core & b) Cladding.
 Light is kept in the “core” of optical fiber.
 Cladding is for the protection of fiber.
 About the diameter of a human hair.
 Fig. Shows a optical cable wire.
 Core: Thin glass center of the fiber where light travels.
 Cladding: Outer optical material surrounding the core.
 Buffer Coating: Plastic coating that protects the fiber.

The core and the lower refractive index cladding are typically made of high
quality silica glass, though they can be both made of plastic as well.
In Indian Railways, 24 fiber armoured optical fiber cable.
General Requirement of Cable:
The cable shall consists of 24 monomode fibers and shall be
suitable for direct underground burial as well as mechanized
laying in the duct.
Service Condition:
Optical fiber cable shall be able to withstand the following
environmental conditions.
Ambient temperature 0 to +550 C
Storage temperature -200 C to +700 C
Overall Diameter:
The overall diameter of the cable shall not be more than 20mm and uniform
throughout the length from top to end.
Fiber & Unit Identification:
Fibers are coloured with readily distinguishable durable colours. The 6 loose
tubes have the following colours:
1. Blue
2. Orange
3. Green
4. Brown
5. Slate
6. White

Methods for Jointing of Fiber Optic Cable:

There are two methods for jointing optical fiber cable:
1. Splicing
2. Using connectors
Splicing is the process of connecting two bare fibers directly without any
connectors.

Splicing provide much lower insertion loss compared to fiber connectors that’s
why splicing is preferred over the use of connectors.
1) Thinner than other tubes. 1) Expensive over short distances.
2) High carrying capacity. 2) Very high installation charges &
3) Provides a very large demands high skills.
bandwidth. 3) Adding additional nodes is
4) Less signal distortion. difficult.
5) Non-inflammable.
6) Light weight.
1. To optimize train scheduling.
2. Traffic light monitoring.
3. For linking of telephone exchanges.
4. Control communication.
5. Signalling application for safe transmission.
6. In data transmission circuits.
Railnet is a network which is run by the Indian Railway for its customer service
Purpose. Passengers can access Railnet through internet and can get user
required data about train schedule, ticketing, reservation, train running
Information etc.
1. PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM ( PRS ): The ticketing and
reservation system for railway passenger transport completes the pre-sale
and sale management of tickets and covers all administration levels. It is
under passenger transport department and connected with regional
headquarters and then with the main frame computers in Mumbai. Indian
Railway’s website, www.indianrail.gov.in offers PRS enquiries on the
internet Birth/Seat availability, Passenger Status, Fare, Train Schedule etc.
PRS is running currently at 1,200 locations. Deploying 4,000 terminals,
covering journeys of 3,000 trains and executing ONE MILLION passenger
transactions per day.
2. UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM ( UTS ): Twenty one million
passengers travel daily on Indian Railways using the unreserved journey
facility. An unreserved ticket authorizes these journeys but as the name
implies, offers no reserved seats or berths. The ticket is not specific to a train
service either. This facility is predominantly used by commuters and suburban
travellers – over short distances where assured seating is not a necessity. It is
also available to lower income groups travelling longer distances and
connects the rural hinterland to districts, towns and cities. Tickets are issued
to the unreserved passenger any time of day or night as booking offices
remain open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Unreserved Ticketing
System (UTS) caters to this segment of the market and seeks to provide a
centrally administered computerized ticketing system over the entire Indian
Railways.
• Internet surfing
• Railnet surfing(sites of various zones,CTI,PU etc.)
• E-mail (Railnet & Internet)
• File transfer and sharing
• Data acquisition and sharing
• MIS applications

RAILNET V/S INTERNET

• Railnet uses a web server that is only connected to Railway’s internal
network.
• Internet users can not access information on Railnet but Railnet users
can be given privilege of accessing Internet.
• Railway users access Internet through Railnet via the Internet gateway.
• Telephone exchange is a place where switching between two subscribers is
done through either manually or electronically. In addition to switching,
signalling and controlling are also done at excange.
• A telephone exchange is a telecommunication system used in the public
switched telephone network or in large enterprises.
• Basics of telephone exchange
1. Main Distribution Frame
2. Card Frame
3. Motherboard
4. Power Supply Panel & Protective Devices
 Switching Function: It provides a temporary path for simultaneius,
bilinear, speech between:
 Two subscribers connected to the same exchange. This is called as “Local
Switching”.
 Two subscribers connected to different exchanges. This is known as “Trunk
Switching”.
 Signalling Function: The signalling function enables the various
equipment im a network to communicate with each other in order to
establish and supervise the calls. It is of two types:
• Subscriber Line Signalling: It enables a call to be set up, supervised and
cleared with same exchange.
• Inter Exchange Signalling: It enables a call to be set up, supervised and
cleared between exchanges.
 Indian Railways, as an organization is a very vast center of telecommunication
in itself. Today the telecommunicating world is getting its roots, grabbing the
new era more firmly. We think that our training was an success and we think
that Indian Railways was an excellent training institute for inquisitive
emerging engineers. In Indian Railways, training is given to engineering
aspirant desiring to secure future in the dynamic world of
Telecommunication.
 The main achievements of the training at Indian Railways are that we got
familiar with the latest technologies and principles of networking. The main
achievement could be said to get knowledge about recent technologies of
LAN. We got experience as to how to organize the things. After the
completion of the training we consider ourselves capable of facing any other
challenge of that type. The training at Indian Railways cultivated the zeal of
inquisitiveness and the excitement to know more than more about this field
in limited duration.