Placoid scales are found in sharks and rays,

and can vary greatly in external appearance.

Unlike the scales of bony fishes, placoid scales do

not increase in size as the fish grows, instead new
scales are added between older scales. Placoid
scales are often referred to as denticles.
 Each placoid scale consists of a flattened
rectangular base plate which is embedded in
the fish. The spines give many species a rough
texture. There are large differences in the
development of these spines between different
species.
 Cosmoid scales are found in the
Lungfishes (family Ceratodidae) and
some fossil fishes.

Cosmoid scales are similar to placoid

scales . They consist of two basal layers
of bone, a layer of dentine-like
cosmine, and an outer layer of
vitrodentine.
 As the fish grows each scale
becomes larger as new bone is added to
the basal layers.
 Ganoid scales are found in fishes such
as the bichirs , Bowfin , paddlefishes,
gars , and sturgeons
A four-sided plate that fits closely against
adjacent plates without overlaping
 Ganoid scales are also known from
some fossil paleoniscoid fishes.
Cycloid and ctenoid scales are found in the
majority of bony fishes (the Teleostei).
 Cycloid scales have a smooth posterior
margin lacking ctenii. The word 'cycloid'
comes from the Greek cyclo, meaning circle.
Ctenoid is made of small brushes
like spine or comb liked teeth
like Perch,pogies and bass
GILL RAKERS
GILL ARCH AND GILL FILAMENT
COUNTER CURRENT FLOW
summary
Gill rakers- used to strain food from
the water
Gill arch- used to support and passing
blood
Gill filament- used for exchanging gas
such as oxygen