Ichthyology: Done by Ahlam Abbas Harasani Under Supervision Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
Ministry of High Education ‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬
King Abdu Aziz University ‫جامعة الملك عبد العزيز‬
Sciences Faculty For girls ‫كلية العلوم للبنات‬
Biology section -Zoology ‫قسم األحياء – شعبة علم الحيوان‬

Department
Ichthyology
Done By
Ahlam Abbas Harasani
Under supervision
Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer
2013
Ichthyology – BIO 454
Syllabus of Ichthyology Lab
Week # Topics
Week 1 Introduction - General Characters of fishes
1- Super class : Agnatha (Petromyzon)

Week 2
Classification - General Characters.
Week 3 Histological study of some cross sections of Petromyzon
2- Super class : Gnathostomata
Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish)

Week 4
Classification - General Characters - Dissections
Week 5 Histological study of some cross sections of Dogfish
2- Super class : Gnathostomata
Week 6 Class : 2- Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)
Classification - General Characters - Dissections
Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of

Week 7
sexual maturation
Week 8 Aquatic ecosystems
Week 9 Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf
Week 10 osmoregulation in Fish
Week 11 Revision
By: Ahlam Harasani 1

LAB
1

Lab 1
Ichthyology
Introduction
- Ichthyology is simply the science of studying fishes includes general
characteristic of fish, their habitat requirements, classification, dissection, and
external and internal anatomy .
- All the species of the fish found in the world are classified into the following
two groups. They are:
1- Super class :Agnatha - jawless fish
2- Super class :Gnathostomata – jaw fish
A-Class : Chrondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish
B-Class : Osteichthyes - bony fish
A- Ray finned group
B- Lobe finned group

General characteristic of fish:
1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates , cold-blooded, and have fins.

2- Most fish have scales and breathe with gills.
3- Most of the fishes are spindle shaped , some are laterally compressed, some are
snake like, and some are globe like .
4- The body of the fish is divided into head, trunk, and tail.
A- Head (containing a brain and sensory organs).
B- Trunk (with a muscular wall surrounding a cavity with the internal organs ) .
C- Tail (is useful for changing the direction during swimming and it consists of fin
known as caudal fin ).
Ext ernal
Fish anat omy
5- Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop.
They are either single fins alone centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins,
caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and
pelvic (hip) fins.
6- Caudal fin is of different types : (forked) or (round) or (Pointed).
Caudal (Tail) Fin
Shapes
7- The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving
them their bright red cover. Some of gills covered with an operculum (gill cover) that
is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills while others do not.

8- Fish see through their rounded eyes and can detect color.
9- Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite
sensitive.
10- The mouth shape is a good clue to what fish eat.
11- The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with sensory cells.
It primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water.
12- Some of fish have spiral valve like cartilaginous fish while others do not.
Internal Fish Anatomy
BRAIN: The control center of the fish.

It divided into 3 parts :
1- Forebrain : thalamus +Olfactory lobes
2- Midbrain: Optic lobes.
3-Hindbrain: cerebellum + spinal cord
SPINAL CORD: Connects the brain to the rest of the body and relays sensory
information from the body to the brain, as well as instructions from the brain to the
rest of the body.
SPINE: The primary structural framework upon which the fish’s body is built;
connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear. The spine is
made up of numerous vertebrae, which are hollow and house and protect the delicate
spinal cord.
SWIM (or AIR) BLADDER: A hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to
conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water.
KIDNEY: Filters liquid waste materials from the blood;

STOMACH AND INTESTINES: digest food and absorb nutrients. or do both.

LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It assists in digestion by
secreting enzymes that digest fats, and also serves as a storage area for fats and
carbohydrates. The liver also is important in the destruction of old blood cells and in
maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen (waste)
excretion.
HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen and digested nutrients are
delivered to the cells of various organs through the blood, and the blood transports
waste products from the cells to the kidneys and liver for elimination.
GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adults, the bright orange mass of
eggs (yellow) or sperm (white) is unmistakable during the spawning season, but is
still usually identifiable at other times of the year.
MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is
usually eaten.

LAB
2

Lab 2
1- Super Class : Agnatha
Petromyzon
Classification of
Petromyzon
Kingdom: Animalia ‫ الحيوانية‬: ‫المملكة‬
Subkingdom: Metazoa ‫ البعديات‬: ‫تحت مملكة‬
Phylum: Chordata ‫ الحبليات‬: ‫شعبة‬
Subphylum: Vertebrata ‫تحت شعبة الفقاريات‬
Super class: Agnatha ‫ الالفكيات‬: ‫فوق طائفة‬
Class: Cephalospidomorphi
Order : Cyclostomata ‫ دائريات الفم‬: ‫رتبة‬
Sub order: Petromyzontia ‫ الجلكيات‬: ‫تحت رتبة‬
Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) )‫ البترومايزون (الجلكي‬: ‫مثال‬

General Characters of Agnatha :
*No jaws.
* No paired fins.
* One nostril on the top of the head.
General Characters of Petromyzon :
External features of
Petromyzon
* A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eels).
* Primitive.
* Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh water. Mout h in

Pet romyzon
* Cartilaginous skeleton .
*Buccal funnel or sucking mouth with horny teeth.
* A parasitic marine animal which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood.
* Lampreys have large eyes.
*Adult lamprey can range anywhere from 13 to 100 cm(5 to 40 inches) long.
* Lampreys have seven gills on each side separately and no operculum.
*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.
*Single – sex.
*There is larval stage called "Ammocoetes".

* Their larvae have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which is probably
why they are not found in the tropics.
*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.
Cycle life of larva :
*sea lamprey are " diadromous ".They spend the early stages of their life in streams
and rivers .
*The middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large
freshwater lake.
*Then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers ,
and die shortly after spawning.
Lamprey Lif e Cycle

LAB
3

Lab 3
Histological Study of some cross sections
of Petromyzon
____________________________________________
‫ خلية محببة‬Granular cell
Horny Layer ‫طبقة قرنية‬
Mucous cell ‫خلية مخاطية‬

‫ البشرة‬Epidermis
Club cell ‫خلية صولجانية‬
Malpighian layer ‫طبقة ملبيجي‬
Connective tissue ‫نسيج ضام‬

‫ األدمة‬Dermis
Blood vessel ‫وعاء دموي‬
Meianophores ‫بوصيات سوداء‬

‫ نسيج دهني‬Idipose tissue
V.S. of Skin
T.S. of Branchial Region

T.S. of Posterior Trunk Region
T.S. of Tail Region

Drawing

LAB
4

Lab 4
2-Super Class : Gnathostomata
Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes
The Dogfish
Classification of
Dogfish
Super class: Gnathostomata ‫ الفكيات‬: ‫فوق طائفة‬
Class: Chrondrichthyes ‫ االسماك الغضروفية‬: ‫طائفة‬
Subclass: Elasmobranchii ‫ عارية الخياشيم‬: ‫تحت طائفة‬
Order : Selachii.( squalijorms ) ‫ السالخيات‬: ‫رتبة‬
Ex: The Dogfish ‫ كلب البحر‬: ‫مثال‬

General Characters of Chrondrichthyes:
Dogfish
*Cartilaginous skeleton.
*Skin covered with denticles scales.
*The body is spindle-shaped.
*single & double fin.
*Two dorsal fin.
*The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail.
* There is one spiracle per side.
*Mouth opining is crescent-shaped in the ventral side of the head .
*Cartilaginous jaws, loosely attached lower jaws.
*Five to seven gill slits per side separately and no operculum.
*The stomach is divided into two parts (cadioesophageal & pyloric ).
*Spiral valve intestines.
*Rectal gland.
*The heart consists 4 rooms ( sinus venous –auricle –ventricle – conus arteriosus ).
*No swim bladder.

*Single-sex.
*Internal fertilization.
* Males are identified by a pair of sperm-transfer organs named " claspers ".
*There is no larval stage.
*Mating takes place winter months, with gestation lasting 22-24 months ( the longest
of any vertebrate) .
*Males mature at around 11 years of age, females mature in 18-21 years and are
slightly large than males.
Digestive Organs
Male Female
Urinogenital Urinogenital
system system

LAB
5

Lab 5
Histological Study of some cross sections
of Dogfish
____________________________________________
‫ المينا‬Anamel
‫ شوكة‬Spine
‫ العاج‬Dentine Pulp cavity ‫تجويف اللب‬
‫ بشرة‬Epidermis Basal plate ‫صفيحة قاعدية‬
‫ أدمة‬Dermis
C.S. of Skin
Surface view of denticles scales

T.S. of pharyngeal region
T.S. of trunk region
T.S. of tail region

Drawing

LAB
6

Lab 6
2-Super Class : Gnathostomata
Class : 2- Osteichthyes
Lethrinus fish
Classification of
Lethrinus fish
Super class: Gnathostomata ‫ الفكيات‬: ‫فوق طائفة‬
Class: Osteichthyes ‫ االسماك العظمية‬: ‫طائفة‬
Subclass: Actinopterygii ‫ شعاعيات الزعانف‬: ‫تحت طائفة‬
Order : Teleostei ‫ كاملة التعظم‬: ‫رتبة‬
Ex: Lethrinus fish ‫ سمك الشعور‬: ‫مثال‬
‫ كلب البحر‬: ‫مثال‬

General Characters of Osteichthyes:
* bone skeleton. Telapia Nilotica
*Skin covered with bone scales (cycloid scales, ctenoid scales).
*Some of its have two dorsal fin.
* Single & double fin.
*The caudal fin has a convex shape.
* There is one spiracle per side.
*Four gill slits per side.
*They have one external gill opining and covered with operculum.
*Mouth opining in the extremity side of the head .
* They have bony jaws.
*The stomach is divided into two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).
*Stomach have multiple forms(S-Y-V).
*No spiral valve intestines.
*No rectal gland.
*The heart consists 3 rooms ( sinus venosus –auricle –ventricle ).

*They have swim bladder.
* Single-sex.
*External fertilization.
* They have larval stage .
_____________________________________________________________________
Internal Anatomy of
Telapia nilotica

Types of Scales in Photograph of bony fish scale showing

Osteichthyes line of measurement and ages
F (Focus) ; S1,S2 (Scale radii to 1st &

2nd annulus) ; TS (Total Scale Radius)
Gills A holobranch
The Urinogenital
system of female
The Urinogenital
system of male

Drawing

The difference between
Cyclostomata (Petromyzon) , Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish) and

Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)
Cyclostomata Chrondrichthyes Osteichthyes
(Petromyzon) (Dogfish) (Lethrinus fish)
Cartilaginous
skeleton Cartilaginous skeleton Bone skeleton
skeleton
Scales No Denticles scales Bone scales
Buccal funnel or
Crescent-shaped in the In the extremity side of the
Mouth sucking mouth with
ventral side of the head head
horny teeth
Spiracle No Have
Eyes No eyelids Surrounded by eyelids No eyelids
(Four gill slits) & one

(Seven gills) and no (Five to seven gill slits)
Gills external gill opining and
operculum and no operculum
covered with operculum
Stomach No Two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).
Spiral valve Have No
Rectal gland No Have No
Males are identified by

Male & Female Via Internal anatomy Via Internal anatomy
claspers
Air swim No No Have
Sex Single
Fertilization External Internal External
Ovoviviparity )‫(بيوضة ولودة‬
Reproduction laying eggs laying eggs laying eggs
Viva )‫(ولودة‬

LAB
7

Lab 7
Identify the Cross sections of gonads in
fish at different stages of sexual
maturation
____________________________________________
Maturation stage : Oocytes in different stage Maturation stage : secondary oocyte (SY)
of yolk deposition. with lot of yolk vesicles (YV), lipid vacuoles
(LV), chromosome near nuclear membrane
PY (Primary yolk vesicle oocyte) ; SY (Late
(C) and ovum wall (W)
secondary yolk vesicle oocyte)
Maturation stage : shows development of

spermatocytes .
(SG) spermatogenia ; (PS) primary

spermatocyte ; (SS) secondary spermatocytes

LAB
8

Lab 8
Aquatic ecosystems
- Aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands.
- Within these aquatic ecosystems are living organs that depend on the water for
survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms.
- Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.
-Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Only 1
percent of the water on Earth is available to humans as freshwater.
- Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean. Most
of the earth’s water exists in the oceans as salt water .
The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the
five named "oceans", the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans.
Oceans in The World

Red Sea :
The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian

Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
Arabian Gulf:
The Arabian Gulf is located in Western Asia

between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula.

LAB
9

Lab 9
Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

LAB
10

Lab 10
Osmoregulation in fish
Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish
H2O
Drink gills
Na+, Cl-
Na+ , Cl- Mg++ , Mg++, So4=

So4= Na+ , Cl-
(Kidneys)
(Chloride cells)
Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish
H2O
gills Na+ , Cl-

Drink
Water
‫االمتصاص النشط للماء‬
(Kidneys)
Na+,Cl-

Drawing

GOOD
LUCK

Ichthyology: Done by Ahlam Abbas Harasani Under Supervision Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬

Ministry of High Education ‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬

King Abdu Aziz University ‫جامعة الملك عبد العزيز‬

Sciences Faculty For girls ‫كلية العلوم للبنات‬

Biology section -Zoology ‫قسم األحياء – شعبة علم الحيوان‬

Syllabus of Ichthyology Lab

Week 1 Introduction - General Characters of fishes

1- Super class : Agnatha (Petromyzon)

Week 3 Histological study of some cross sections of Petromyzon

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish)

Week 5 Histological study of some cross sections of Dogfish

2- Super class : Gnathostomata

Week 6 Class : 2- Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)

Classification - General Characters - Dissections

Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of

Week 8 Aquatic ecosystems

Week 9 Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

Week 10 osmoregulation in Fish

By: Ahlam Harasani 1

By: Ahlam Harasani 2

1- Super class :Agnatha - jawless fish

2- Super class :Gnathostomata – jaw fish

A-Class : Chrondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish

B-Class : Osteichthyes - bony fish

A- Ray finned group

B- Lobe finned group

By: Ahlam Harasani 3

General characteristic of fish:

1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates , cold-blooded, and have fins.

Fish anat omy

Caudal (Tail) Fin

By: Ahlam Harasani 4

Internal Fish Anatomy

BRAIN: The control center of the fish.

By: Ahlam Harasani 5

STOMACH AND INTESTINES: digest food and absorb nutrients. or do both.

By: Ahlam Harasani 6

By: Ahlam Harasani 7

Kingdom: Animalia ‫ الحيوانية‬: ‫المملكة‬

Subkingdom: Metazoa ‫ البعديات‬: ‫تحت مملكة‬

Phylum: Chordata ‫ الحبليات‬: ‫شعبة‬

Subphylum: Vertebrata ‫تحت شعبة الفقاريات‬

Super class: Agnatha ‫ الالفكيات‬: ‫فوق طائفة‬

Order : Cyclostomata ‫ دائريات الفم‬: ‫رتبة‬

Sub order: Petromyzontia ‫ الجلكيات‬: ‫تحت رتبة‬

Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) )‫ البترومايزون (الجلكي‬: ‫مثال‬

By: Ahlam Harasani 8

General Characters of Agnatha :

* One nostril on the top of the head.

General Characters of Petromyzon :

* A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eels).

* Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh water. Mout h in

*Buccal funnel or sucking mouth with horny teeth.

* Lampreys have large eyes.

* Lampreys have seven gills on each side separately and no operculum.

*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.

*There is larval stage called "Ammocoetes".

By: Ahlam Harasani 9

*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.

Cycle life of larva :

Lamprey Lif e Cycle

By: Ahlam Harasani 10