BATCH NO : 105

PROMOTH G 211415114239
MEENAKSHI SUNDARAM C 211415114198
PREM KUMAR V 211415114237
RAHUL KRISHNA R 211415114242

GUIDED BY:
MR S. DEVARAJ M.E
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHENNAI
A broad definition of composite is: Two or more chemically
distinct materials which when combined have improved
properties over the individual materials. Composites could
be natural or synthetic.

Wood is a good example of a natural composite, combination of

cellulose fiber and lignin. The cellulose fiber provides strength and the
lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes the fiber.

Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure. The

components are cellulose and lignin, as in all other wood,
however bamboo is hollow. This results in a very light yet stiff
structure. Composite fishing poles and golf club shafts copy
this natural design.
The ancient Egyptians manufactured composites! Adobe bricks are a
good example. The combination of mud and straw forms a
composite that is stronger than either the mud or the straw by itself.

Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 2

 Composites are combinations of two materials in which one of the
material is called the reinforcing phase, is in the form of fibers,
sheets, or particles, and is embedded in the other material called the
matrix phase.
Typically, reinforcing materials are strong with low densities while
the matrix is usually a ductile or tough material. If the composite is
designed and fabricated correctly, it combines the strength of the
reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve a
combination of desirable properties not available in any single
conventional material.
Components of composite materials

Reinforcement: Matrix materials Interface

fibers
Glass Polymers Bonding
Carbon Metals surface
Organic Ceramics
Boron
Ceramic
Metallic
Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 3
The essence of the concept of composites is that the load is
applied over a large surface area of the matrix. Matrix then
transfers the load to the reinforcement, which being stiffer,
increases the strength of the composite. It is important to note
that there are many matrix materials and even more fiber types,
which can be combined in countless ways to produce just the
desired properties.
In the United States, composites manufacturing is a 25 billion
dollar a year industry. There are about 6000 composites
related manufacturing plants and materials distributors across
the U.S. The industry employs more than 235,000 people. An
additional 250,000 people are employed in businesses that
support the composites industry, including materials
suppliers, equipment vendors, and other support personnel.

About 90% of all composites produced are comprised of glass

fiber and either polyester or vinylester resin. Composites are
broadly known as reinforced plastics.

Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 4

 Composites

Fibers

Matrix materials

Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 5

 Polymer matrix composites (PMC) and fiber reinforced plastics
(FRP) are referred to as Reinforced Plastics. Common fibers
used are glass (GFRP), graphite (CFRP), boron, and aramids
(Kevlar). These fibers have high specific strength (strength-to-
weight ratio) and specific stiffness (stiffness-to-weight ratio)

Matrix materials are usually thermoplastics or thermosets;

polyester, epoxy (80% of reinforced plastics), fluorocarbon,
silicon, phenolic.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 6
Reinforcing fibers
Glass – most common and the least expensive, high strength, low
stiffness and high density. GFRP consists 30-60% glass fibers by
volume.
Graphite (99% carbon) or Carbon (80-95% carbon) – more
expensive than glass fibers, but lower density and higher stiffness
with high strength. The composite is called carbon-fiber reinforced
plastic (CFRP).
Boron – boron fibers consist of boron deposited on tungsten
fibers, high strength and stiffness in tension and compression,
resistance to high temperature, but they are heavy and expensive.

Aramids (Kevlar) – highest specific strength, toughest fiber,

undergoes plastic deformation before fracture, but absorbs
moisture, and is expensive.
The average diameter of fibers used is usually less than .0004 inch (.01
mm). The tensile strength of a glass fiber could be as high as 650 ksi
(bulk glass Su = 5-150 ksi)
Mechanical Engineering Dept. Ken Youssefi 7
ABSTRACT
This project titled “EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION OF BIODEGRADABLE FILLER
WITH PALSTIC MATERIAL” has been conceived
having studied the utilization of natural fibres in polymer
composites. Due to the establishment of disposal methods
for glass fibre reinforced plastics. Among various natural
fibres, rice husk fibre is of particular interest in that its
composites have high tensile strength, high tensile
modulus, and low elongation at break beside its low cost
and ease of availability
 Now the project mainly concentrated on
reinforcement of polymer plastics with different
proportions of saw dust fibre composites .These
composites are subjected to the shear stress to find the
fracture. Thermosetting resins, such as epoxy, polyester,
polyurethane, phenolic, etc. are commonly used today in
natural fiber composites.
COMPOSITES
Composites are combinations of two materials in
which one of the material is called the reinforcing phase,
is in the form of fibers, sheets, or particles, and is
embedded in the other material called the matrix phase.
 Literature Review on the Natural Fibre and filler
Composites
Author Name Remarks
Sudheer et al studied the effect of potassium titan ate whiskers filler-reinforced epoxy
(2000) composite on the tensile and flexural properties and found that the tensile
and flexural strength decrease due to the addition of the filler. a
maximum reduction of 20% in the tensile strength was reported at 15 wt% of
the whisker loading. however, the tensile and flexural modulus increased
due to the inclusion of filler material.

Onuegbu et al The effect of snail-shell powder on the polypropylene composites was

(2003) investigated by The results indicated an increase in the tensile, flexural, and
impact properties with an increase in the filler content and filler size.
Kokta et al. studied the mechanical behavior of wood flour-added polypropylene
(2004) composite and found the addition of filler material in the polypropylene
matrix increases the mechanical properties of the composite material.

Gupta et al. analyzed the effect of fly-ash loading on the mechanical properties of
(2004) the epoxy resin and concluded that filler material size affect the compressive
and impact strength of the composite material.
 Literature Review on the Natural Fibre and filler Composites
(Contd…)
Author Name Remarks
Rajini et al investigated the influence of nano clay on woven coconut sheet/polyester
(2013) composites on dynamic mechanical properties of composite and found
that the addition of nano clay influences on storage and loss modulus of
composite material.

Sarki et al have used coconut shell powder as filler material in epoxy composite
(2010) and it was found that incorporation of coconut shell powder increased the
tensile strength and modulus with a slight decrease in impact
strength.

Chun et all have used coconut shell powder as filler in recycled polypropylene, and
(2011) Sodium Dedecyl Sulfate (SDS) was used as coupling agent. It revealed that
the addition of filler provided an increase in tensile properties, thermal
stability, crystalline and lower the water absorption compared to
unmodified composites.
 Literature Review on the Natural Fibre and filler Composites
(Contd…)
Author Name Remarks

Toroet al investigated the use of egg shell powder as bio-filler for polypropylene (PP)
(2001) composite and reported that bio-filler was better than all types of carbonate
fillers.

D Plackett A completely bio composite based on Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and olive pit
(2012) powder had been manufactured by Koutsomitopoulou et al and it was
reported that addition of filler resulted in increase of tensile modulus and
decrease in flexural strength.

Qingzhao et al have fabricated natural fibre(silk fiber) incorporated PLA composite and it
(2013) was found that addition of silk fiber in the PLA matrix increased the
dimensional stability and modulus of the composite material, but thermal
stability was found to be decreased with addition of silk fiber in the
matrix.
 MATERIAL SELECTION
 saw dust

 epoxy resin LY 556

Composition of composite un treated saw dust fiber

Volume fraction of Total volume of Volume of matrix

saw dust fibre in % fiber (mm3)

10% 27000 90%

20% 27000 80%
30% 27000 70%
Composition of composite treated saw dust fiber

Volume fraction of Total volume of Volume of matrix

rsaw dust fibre in % fiber (mm3)

10% 27000 90%

20% 27000 80%
30% 27000 70%
Fraction volume calculation
COMPOSITE FABRICATION

18
Wear Test specimens

 Wear Test specimens

The wear test is performed on a pin-on-disc (P-o-D)
apparatus according to ASTM D3702. As shown in Fig.
3.3.2, the specimen pin was rotated on a flat steel disc with
a radius of 16.5 mm. The initial surface roughness of the
counterpart was about 0.23 µm. All tests in this study were
conducted for 5 hour under dry condition at room
temperature. The reduction of specimen’s height was
observed by a displacement sensor. The temperature of the
disc was monitored by an iron-constantan thermocouple
positioned on the edge of the disc, which was recorded as
contact temperature . The frictional coefficient was
recorded and calculated by a ratio between the tangential
force and normal load. The mass loss of the specimen was
measured after the wear test in order to calculate the specific wear rate by
the following equation,
Ws = Δm/ρ.t.VS.FN (mm3/Nm)
in which FN is the normal load applied on the specimen during sliding,
Δm the specimen’s mass loss,
ρ the density of the specimen,
VS is the Velocity of the specimen and
t is time.
Here the wear rate is calculate by using the following equation,
Wr =Δm/2Π.r.n.t
where, Δm the specimen’s mass loss,
n is sliding speed and
t is time.
Dimension Of Wear Testing
Specimen (ASTM)
Schematic diagram of pin-on-disc
test apparatus
 References
1. Abiy Alene (2013), “Design and Analysis of Bamboo and E-Glass Fiber Reinforced
Epoxy Hybrid Composite for Wind Turbine Blade Shell”, Addis Ababa University
Institute of Technology School of Graduate Studies
2. Chattopadhyay S.K. et. al. (2011), "Bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composites
and their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties", Journal of Applied
Polymer Science, Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 1619-1626.
3. Davoodi, M. M. et. al. (2010), “Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced
epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam”, Materials & Design, Vol. 31, No.
10, pp. 4927-4932.
4. Gupta, M. K., & Srivastava, R. K. (2015). Effect of Sisal Fibre Loading on Dynamic
Mechanical Analysis and Water Absorption Behaviour of Jute Fibre Epoxy Composite.
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2(4), 2909-2917.
5. Jawaid M. et. al. (2013), "Effect of jute fibre loading on tensile and dynamic
mechanical properties of oil palm epoxy composites", Composites Part B: Engineering,
Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 619-624.