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• Motivation
Consider x f (t , x) G (t , x)u , x R n , u R p
f : R D R n
G : R D R n p
: R D R p R p
is unknown but not necessarily small. We assume
it has a known bound.
(t , x, u ) (t , x, u )
11-1
Problem
Find a state feedback controller so that the closed loop system is stable in a
sufficiently strong sense.
Approach : u (t , x) v(t , x)
(i) (ii)
11-2
Solution
V V
f (t , x) G(t , x) (t , x) 3 (|| x ||) : l.n.d.
t x
where i K , i.e. i : R R , i (0) 0, i () is strictly increasing.
11-3
Solution (Continued)
11-4
Solution (Continued)
Due to the matching condition, v can wipe out .
There are two ways at least : when is bounded in || ||2 or in || || .
i) || ||2
|| (t , x, (t , x) v) ||2 (t , x) k || v ||2 , 0 k 1
T v T T v || ||2 || ||2 T v || ||2 (t , x) k || v ||2
Let (t , x) (t , x), (t , x) R D
and choose
(t , x)
v
1 k || ||2
(t , x) (t , x)
Then T v T || ||2
1 k || ||2 1 k
(t , x) (t , x)
T v T || ||2 || ||2 || ||2 k
1 k 1 k
1 k
( ) || ||2 || ||2
1 k 1 k
|| ||2 || ||2 0
11-5
Solution (Continued)
ii) || ||
|| (t , x, (t , x) v) || (t , x) k || v || , 0 k 1
Now i i max | i | | i | || ||1|| ||
T
i
i 1
T v T T v || ||1|| ||
T v || ||1 (t , x) k || v ||
Let (t , x) (t , x), (t , x) R D
(t , x)
and choose v sgn( )
1 k
(t , x) k
Then T v T T sgn( ) || ||1 (t , x)
1 k 1 k
k
|| ||1 || ||1 || ||1
1 k 1 k
1 k
|| ||1 || ||1
1 k 1 k
|| ||1 || ||1 0
11-6
Smooth Control
• Smooth Control ( 2
case)
(t , x)
1 k || || , if (t , x) || ||2
v 2
(t , x) , if (t , x) || ||
2
1 k
2
V
where T G (t , x)
x
11-7
We have
2
V 3 (|| x ||2 )
T
1 k
2
3 (|| x ||2 ) || ||22 || ||2 k || ||2 || v ||2
(1 k )
2 k 2
3 (|| x ||2 ) || ||22 || ||2 || ||22
(1 k ) (1 k )
2 2
3 (|| x ||2 ) || ||2 || ||2 3 (|| x ||2 )
2
|| ||22 || ||2
1 2 2z
Here f ( z ) z z is maximized at 1 z
2
1 2 1 2
and max( z z )
4 2 4
Thus V 3 (|| x ||2 ) , when (t , x) || ||2
4
11-8
Smooth Control (Continued)
i.e. r ( ) 31 ( )
1
Then take r large, so that
3 (r )
2 4 2
1 1
Then V ( x) 3 (|| x ||2 ) 3 (|| x ||2 )
2 2 4
1
3 (|| x ||2 ), || x ||2 r ( )
2
Q
Q x : 3 (|| x ||)
2
r ( ) 0 as 0
11-9
- When is chosen small, we can arrive at a sharper result.
Assume that D R such that 3 (|| x ||2 ) 2 ( x)
n
(t , x) 0 0, (t , x) 1 ( x) where : R n R .
Then, when (t , x) || ||2 ,
2
V 3 (|| x ||2 ) || ||22 || ||2
02
( x)
2
|| ||22 1 ( x) || ||2
1 2 1 ( x) 1
T
1 ( x)
( x)
2 2 || ||2 1 202 / || ||2
P
where P is positive definite if 202 12 .
202
Thus choosing we
, have V 1 2 ( x ).
12 2
Then
x1 x2
x2 k1 x1 (k2 b) x2 ( x, u )
ˆ acˆ
ac c cˆ
( x, u )
ˆ sin( x1 1 ) sin( 1 ) ˆ k1x1 k2 x2
c c
11-11
Example (Continued)
ˆ acˆ
ac c cˆ c cˆ
Hence ( x, ( x) v) x1 k1x1 k2 x2 v
cˆ cˆ cˆ
1 || x ||2 k || v ||2
âac acˆ c ĉc c ĉc
where 1 || k ||2 , k .
cˆ ĉc ĉc
c cˆ
We need k 1
cˆ
0 k1 0 1
1 k b P P k k b I solve P
2 1 2
V P11 P12 0
Then w
T
G 2 x PB 2 x1 x2
T
x P21 P22 1
2( P12 x1 P22 x2 )
11-12
Example (Continued)
Choose
(t , x)
1 k || || , if || ||2
v 2
(t , x) , if || ||
2
1 k
2
202
where
12
11-13
Backstepping
Consider a system
f ( ) g ( ) 1
u 2
where R n , u R and f () with f (0) 0 and g () are smooth in D R n .
u
g ( ) +
f ( )
f ()
11-14
Backstepping (Continued)
u
+ g ( ) +
11-15
Backstepping (Continued)
u
+
z g ( ) +
where [ f ( ) g ( ) ]
11-16
Backstepping (Continued)
Let v u , then
[ f ( ) g ( ) ( )] g ( ) z 3
z v 4
which is similar to the original system but has an asymptotically
stable origin when the input is 0.
Let Va ( , ) V ( ) 12 z 2 , then
Va V [ f ( ) g ( ) ( )] V g ( ) z zv W ( ) V g ( ) z zv
11-17
Lemma & Example
11-18
Example (Continued)
u x1 ( x12 x13 x2 ) xV1 [ x2 ( x1 )]
(2 x1 1)( x12 x13 x2 ) x1 ( x2 x12 x1 )
Va ( x) 12 x12 12 ( x2 ( x12 x1 )) 2
12 x12 12 ( x2 x12 x1 ) 2
Let’s consider
f ( ) g ( )
f a ( , ) g a ( , )u
If g a ( , ) 0 over the domain of interest, choose
u 1
g a ( , )
[ua f a ( , )]
Then ua . Thus from the previous lemma
u a (, ) 1
g a ( , )
[ f ( ) g ( ) ] V g ( ) K [ ( )] f a (, )
with Va ( , ) V ( ) 12 [ ( )]2
as a stabilizin g state feedback control and a Lyapunov function.
11-19
Recursive Backstepping
11-20
Recursive procedure
Recursive procedure
x f0 ( x) g0 ( x) z1
Consider a stabilizin g feedback control z1 0 ( x) with 0 (0) 0 and
V0
V0 ( x) such that x
[ f 0 ( x) g0 ( x)0 ( x)] W ( x)
p.d.f
Consider
x f 0 ( x) g0 ( x) z1
z1 f1 ( x, z1 ) g1 ( x, z1 ) z2
11-21
Recursive procedure (Continued)
Next consider x f 0 ( x) g 0 ( x) z1
z1 f1 ( x, z1 ) g1 ( x, z1 ) z2
z2 f 2 ( x, z1 , z2 ) g 2 ( x, z1 , z2 ) z3
x z2 f g0 z1 0 fa f2
, , f 0 , g ,
z1 u z3 f1 g1 g a g 2
2 ( x, z1 , z2 )
1 1
g 2 x
( f 0 g 0 z1 )
1
z1
( f1 g1 z2 )
V1
z1
g1 K 2 ( z2 1 ) f 2
and
V2 ( x, z1 , z2 ) V1 ( x, z1 ) 12 [ z2 1 ( x, z1 )]2
11-22
Extended Linearization (Gain scheduling method)
Motivation
Plant – nonlinear
Controller – linear
Design method – classical linearization
Assumption – no single linear controller satisfies the
performance specification
Idea – design a set of controllers, each good at a particular
operating point, and switch (schedule) the gains of the controllers
accordingly
Problem – now we have a nonlinear (piecewise linear) system
with time dependent jump
Solution – no good tool but some theory is being developed
mostly simulation in the past
11-23
Structure & Examples
gains Gain Operating
Structure Scheduler point
Controller Plant y
-Examples
Linearized model at an operating point,
Tank system
qin qin0 , h h 0
qin
G p ( s)
h s
1
a where
A(h 0 )
qout
qin0 a 2 gh 0
A( x)dx qi a 2 gh
d h
dt 0
2 A(h 0 )h 0 2 A(h 0 )h 0
where A(h) is the cross section of the tank at height h,
a is the cross section of the outlet pipe.
11-24
Control Goal
Control goal : h h0
h0 +
Gc Gp
-
1
Use PI controller : Gc ( s ) K (1 )
Ti s
Choose K and Ti so that th e closed loop system has the natural frequency
and relative damping . Then K and Ti should be chosen as
qin0 2
K 2A(h ) 0
0
K
2h
2 qin0 2
Ti T
2 A(h 0 )h 0 2 2
i
11-25
Nonlinear Actuator
Assume
1
f(u) G p (s)
( s 1)3
1
Gc ( s ) K (1 )
Ti s
11-26
Step Responses
r + u yp
Gc (s) fˆ 1 (u ) f ( fˆ 1 (u)) v G p (s )
-
Now u v
f(u)
16
fˆ 0u3
ˆ 1 0.433u
f Then f (u )
3 0.0538u 1.139 3 u 16
1.3 2
Domain Domain
11-28
Results
11-29
Classification
r (t ) y
+ Gc (s ) plant
-
11-30
Issues
11-31
Example
Ex: x A(t ) x
1 a cos2 t 1 a sin t cos t
A 2
, a0
1 a sin t cos t 1 a sin t
det A 2 (2 a ) (2 a ) 0
For a 2, Re 0. Thus the frozen system is exponentially stable. But
e( a 1)t cos t e t sin t
(t ,0) ( a 1)t
e sin t e t cos t
So for 1 a, the system is unstable. However if A (t ) is small the above
problem doesn' t occur.
Theorem: Consider x A(t ) x. Suppose A(t ) is differentiable and Re i ( A(t )) 0,
t 0, i. Then 0 is uniformly asym. stable provided
sup A (t ) is sufficiently small.
t
A linearizat ion at y y0 is :
d y y0 f y y0
z z ( y ) ( y , z ( y0
)) B (u ueq ( y0 ))
dt eq 0 x
0 eq
z z eq ( y )
0
Design a controller Ac ( y0 ), Bc ( y0 ), Cc ( y0 )
11-33
Block Diagram
Block diagram
gain scheduler
gains
r e
Gc (s) u u plant
y
ueq H
In the scheduler
xc Ac ( y (t )) xc Bc ( y (t ))e
u Cc ( y (t )) x
gain scheduling on the current output
11-34
Conditions
11-35