Composite Construction

Introduction to composite
construction of buildings

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General
Steel and concrete
These two materials complete one
another:
Concrete is efficient in compression and steel in
tension

Concrete encasement restrain steel against buckling

Concrete provides Protection against corrosion and

fire
Steel bring ductility into the structure

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Composite construction refers to any
members composed of more than one
material. The parts of these composite
members are rigidly connected such that
no relative movement can occur.

The main composite elements in buildings

are
1.Steel Concrete Composite Beam

2.Composite Slab

3.Composite Columnn
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Steel Concrete Composite Beam
Composite beams are normally hot rolled or fabricated
steel sections that act compositely with the slab. The
composite interaction is achieved by the attachment of
shear connectors to the top flange of the beam. These
connectors generally take the form of headed studs.

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The composite action increases the load
carrying capacity and stiffness of the beam
by factors of up to 2 and 3.5 respectively.

It is normally designed to be unpropped

during construction, and must be sized to
support the self-weight of the slab, and other
construction loads, in their non-composite
state.

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size of the steel section is governed by serviceability
considerations because composite beams tend to be used
for long span applications

Check that beam deflections during construction will not

lead to significant additional concrete loads (due to
ponding) that have not been allowed for in the design

The bending resistance of the section is normally evaluated

using ‘plastic’ principles

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The plastic moment resistance is calculated using
idealized rectangular stress Blocks.
It is assumed that stresses of fyd and 0.85 fcd can be
achieved in the steel and concrete respectively

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Composite beams are generally shallower (for any
given span and loading) than non-composite beams,
and they are used commonly in long span applications.
Consequently, deflections are often critical.

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The Various types of composite Beams

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Shear Connectors
These connectors are designed to
Transmit longitudinal shear along the interface
prevent separation of steel beam and concrete slab
at the interface

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most common type of shear connector used in composite
beams for buildings is a 19 mm diameter by either 100
mm or 125 mm long welded stud.

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The property of shear connector most relevant to design is the
relation-ship between the shear force transmitted, P, and the slip at
the interface, s This load-slip curve should ideally be found from
tests on composite beams.

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Composite slabs
• consist of profiled steel decking with an in-situ
reinforced concrete topping.

•The decking(profiled steel sheeting) not only acts as

permanent formwork to the concrete, but also provides
sufficient shear bond with the concrete so that, when the
concrete has gained strength, the two materials act
together compositely

•span between 3 m and 4.5 m onto supporting beams

or walls

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If the slab is unpropped during construction, the
decking alone resists the selfweight of the wet
concrete and construction loads. Subsequent loads are
applied to the composite section.

If the slab is propped, all of the loads have to be

resisted by the composite section.

are usually designed as simply supported members in the

normal condition

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 Profiled steel sheeting

• depths ranging from 45 mm to over 200 mm

• yield strengths ranging from 235 N/mm2 to at least 460
N/mm2
•.8 mm and 1.5 mm thick
The various shapes provide Interlock between steel and concrete

frictional mechanical
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•decking may also be used to stabilise the
beams against lateral torsional buckling during
construction.

•stabilise the building as a whole by acting as a

diaphragm to transfer wind loads to the walls and
columns

•temporary construction load usually governs

the choice of decking profile
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COMPOSITE COLUMNS
A steel-concrete composite column is a compression
member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled
steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-
rolled steel.

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The presence of the concrete is allowed for in two
ways.

•protection from fire

•It is assumed to Resist a small axial load
•to reduce the effective slenderness of the steel
member, which increases its resistance to axial load.

The bending stiffness of steel columns of H-or I-

section is much greater in the plane of the web (‘major-
axis bending’) than in a plane parallel to the flanges
(‘minor-axis bending’).
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The ductility performance of circular type of columns
is significantly better than rectangular types.

There is no requirement to provide additional reinforcing

steel for composite concrete filled tubular sections.

corrosion protection is provided by concrete to steel

sections in encased columns

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While local buckling of the steel sections may be
eliminated, the reduction in the compression resistance of
the composite column due to overall buckling should
definitely be allowed for.
The plastic compression resistance of a composite cross-
section represents the maximum load that can be applied to
a short composite column.

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Joints
 Exampleof vertical shear transfer
between beam and column
bracket for the lower flange
reinforcement removed after concreting

weld seam contact piece

bracket with shear connectors

shot-fired nails

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Aspects for using composite
structures:
 Architectural

 Economical

 Functionality

 Service and Flexibility

 Assembly

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Aspects for using composite
structures

Architectural:
 Longer spans

 Thinner slabs

 More slender column

 More generous opportunities for

design

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Aspects for using composite
structures
Economical:
 Reduction of height reduces the total of
the building --> saving area of cladding
 Longer spans with the same height
--> column free rooms
 Additional storeys with the same
total height of building
 Quicker time of erection:
 Saving costs, earlier completion of the building

 Lower financing costs

 Ready for use earlier thus increasing
rental income 25
Aspects for using composite
structures

Functionality:
 Fire protection by using principles of reinforced
concrete in which the concrete protects the steel

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Aspects for using composite
structures

Service and building flexibility:

 Adaptable structures
 Modification during the life of the building

 Modify services without violating the privacy of

other occupants
 Accommodation of service facilities
in the ceiling
within a false floor
in a coffer box running along the walls

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Aspects for using composite
structures
Assembly:
 Working platforms of steel decking
 Permanent shuttering
 Reinforcement of profiled steel sheetings
 Speed and simplicity of construction
 Quality controlled products ensure greater accuracy

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 Construction methods

Traditionally two counteracting methods of

construction could be observed both connected with
special advantages but also disadvantages worth
mentioning.
 Conventional concrete  Construction in steel
construction method
+ freedom of form and + high ratio between bearing
shapes capacity and weight
+ easy to handle + prefabrication

+ thermal resistance + high accuracy

- time-consuming shuttering - low fire resistance

- sensitive on tensile forces - need of higher educated

personal 29
 Construction methods

 Composite Construction

comparing these two methods a combination of both

presents the most economic way

+ higher bearing capacity

+ higher stiffness

+ plastic redistribution

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Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

 55 storeys
 Total height 202 m
 Total ground floor 38000 m2
 Capital expenditure about 145 million Euro
 Time of erection: 8 months

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Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

42,342,3
m m

Concrete slab
Concrete core

Composite Slim floor beams

Composite frame
Composite columns

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Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

Total time of erection: 8 month

max. speed 2 to 2.5 storeys per week!
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Examples

Parking deck “DEZ” (Innsbruck - Austria)

Erection of composite columns over 2 storeys

Assembly of prefabricated concrete slabs

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Examples

Parking deck “DEZ” (Innsbruck - Austria)

 4 storeys
 Ground dimensions 60 x 30 m
 Max. span length 10.58 m with
26 cm slim floor slab (= l/40)

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